Editing Berkeley r-commands (section)

{{Short description|Suite of remote-access utilities}}
{{Infobox Software 
| name                   = Berkeley r-commands
| logo                   = 
| screenshot             = 
| screenshot size        = 
| caption                = 
| developer              = [[Computer Systems Research Group]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]
| released               = {{Start date and age|1981|6}}
| latest release version = 
| latest release date    = 
| operating system       = [[Unix]] and [[Unix-like]]
| genre                  = [[Command (computing)|Command]] [[Software suite|suite]]
| license                = [[BSD licenses|BSD]]
| website                = 
}}
{{IPstack}}
The '''Berkeley r-commands''' are a [[Software suite|suite]] of [[computer program]]s designed to enable users of one [[Unix]] system to [[log in]] or issue [[Command (computing)|commands]] to another [[Unix]] computer via [[TCP/IP]] [[computer network]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Unix System Management: Primer Plus |last=Horwitz |first=Jeff |chapter=Using the Berkeley r-commands Without a Password |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sue_SyjuCMC&pg=PA339 |page=339 |year=2003 |orig-year=2002 |publisher=Sams Publishing |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-672-32372-0 |access-date=2018-03-04}}</ref> The r-commands were developed in 1982 by the [[Computer Systems Research Group]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], based on an early implementation of [[TCP/IP]] (the [[protocol stack]] of the [[Internet]]).<ref name="McKusick">{{cite book |title=Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution |last=McKusick |first=Marshall Kirk |authorlink=Marshall Kirk McKusick |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-56592-582-3 |chapter=Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix: From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable |chapter-url=http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/opensources/book/kirkmck.html |publisher=O'Reilly & Associates |at=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565925823/page/ Section: "4.2BSD"] |access-date=2018-03-03 |title-link=Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution }}</ref>

The CSRG incorporated the r-commands into their [[Unix]] [[operating system]], the [[Berkeley Software Distribution]] (BSD). The r-commands premiered in BSD v4.1.<ref name="McKusick"/> Among the programs in the suite are: {{code|rcp}} (remote [[File copying|copy]]), {{code|rexec}} (remote [[Execution (computing)|execution]]), {{code|rlogin}} (remote [[login]]), {{code|rsh}} (remote [[Shell (computing)|shell]]), {{code|rstat}}, {{code|ruptime}}, and {{code|rwho}} (remote [[who (Unix)|who]]).<ref name="McKusick"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Guide to TCP/IP: IPv6 and IPv4 |first1=James |last1=Pyles |first2=Jeffrey L. |last2=Carrell |first3=Ed |last3=Tittel |chapter=Which IP Services Are Most Vulnerable? |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQevDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA659 |page=659 |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2017 |edition=5th |isbn=978-1-305-94695-8 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

The r-commands were a significant innovation, and became ''de facto'' standards for Unix operating systems.<ref>Casad (2008), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=q81cs5140_YC&pg=PT346 346]</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Red Hat Fedora Linux 2 Bible |last=Negus |first=Christopher |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-7645-5745-9 |oclc=441918216 |chapter=About "r" Commands |chapter-url=https://www.wiley.com/legacy/compbooks/negus/rhbf2/r-commands.html |access-date=2018-03-04|date=2004-07-02 }}</ref> With wider public adoption of the Internet, their inherent security vulnerabilities became a problem,<ref>{{Cite CiteSeerX|citeseerx = 10.1.1.178.8497|title = A Case Study of Using a Secure Network Layer Protocol}}</ref> and beginning with the development of [[Secure Shell]] protocols and applications in 1995, its adoption entirely supplanted the deployment and use of r-commands (and [[Telnet]]) on networked systems.<ref>{{cite journal
|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/16781951/sshVsTelnetWeb3.pdf?sequence=1|title=How and Why More Secure Technologies Succeed in Legacy Markets: Lessons from the Success of SSH|access-date=13 April 2023|author1=Nicholas Rosasco|author2=David Larochelle|website=Harvard University|format=Conference Paper|doi=10.1007/1-4020-8090-5_18|s2cid=19035681 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="clear:right; float:right; text-align:center; margin-left:3ex"
|+ Overview
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Service !! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Port (computer networking)|Port]] !! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Transport protocol|Transport]] || scope="col" rowspan="2" | {{abbr|Refs|References}}
|-
! scope="col" | [[Client (computing)|Client]] !! scope="col" | [[Daemon (computer software)|Daemon]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | rcp || style="text-align:left" | rshd || 514 || TCP || 
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{code|rexec}} || style="text-align:left" | rexecd || 512 || TCP || <ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSLTBW_2.1.0/com.ibm.zos.v2r1.halu001/rexsyn.htm |chapter=REXEC command—Execute a command on the remote host and receive the results on your local host |title=z/OS Communications Server: IP User's Guide and Commands |orig-year=1990 |year=2013 |access-date=2018-03-04}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left" | rlogin || style="text-align:left" | rlogind || 513 || TCP || <ref name="NAG">{{cite book |title=FreeBSD Network Administrators Guide |chapter-url=https://people.freebsd.org/~nik/nag/book.html#x-087-2-intro.tcpip.ports |chapter=More on Ports |access-date=2018-03-04}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left" | rsh || style="text-align:left" | rshd || 514 || TCP || 
|-
| style="text-align:left" | rstat || style="text-align:left" | rstatd ||  || UDP || 
|-
| style="text-align:left" | ruptime || rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | rwhod || rowspan="2" | 513 || rowspan="2" | UDP || <ref name="Casad-350">Casad (2008), pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=q81cs5140_YC&pg=PT350 350–51]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left" | rwho || <ref name="NAG"/><ref name="Casad-350"/>
|}