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Biome
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{{Short description|Biogeographical unit with a particular biological community}} [[File:Vegetation.png|thumb|upright=1.654|One way of mapping terrestrial biomes around the world (except the [[Tundra#Antarctic|Antarctic Tundra]])]] A '''biome''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|aɪ|.|oʊ|m}}) is a distinct [[geographical region]] with specific [[climate]], [[vegetation]], and [[animal life]]. It consists of a biological [[community (ecology)|community]] that has formed in response to its physical environment and regional [[climate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bowman |first1=William D. |title=Ecology |last2=Hacker |first2=Sally D. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-1605359212 |edition=5th |pages=H3–1–51 A}};<br />Meira Neto, J. A. A. (Org.). ''Fitossociologia no Brasil: métodos e estudos de caso.'' Vol. 1. Viçosa: Editora UFV. pp. 44–85. [http://files.hisaias.webnode.com/200000112-37f2239e9a/Cap%202.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924062109/http://files.hisaias.webnode.com/200000112-37f2239e9a/Cap%202.pdf|date=2016-09-24}}. Earlier version, 2003, [http://www2.ib.unicamp.br/profs/fsantos/bt682/2003/Apostila-FormasVida-2003.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827014258/http://www2.ib.unicamp.br/profs/fsantos/bt682/2003/Apostila-FormasVida-2003.pdf|date=2016-08-27}}.</ref> In 1935, [[Arthur Tansley|Tansley]] added the climatic and soil aspects to the idea, calling it ''[[ecosystem]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cox |first1=C. B. |last2=Moore |first2=P.D. |last3=Ladle |first3=R. J. |date=2016 |title=Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach |edition=9th |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |location=Hoboken |page=20 |isbn=9781118968581 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBcWCgAAQBAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126224232/https://books.google.com/books?id=RBcWCgAAQBAJ |archive-date=2016-11-26 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Tansley |first=A.G. |date=1935 |title=The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts. |journal=[[Ecology (journal)|Ecology]] |volume=16 |number=3 |pages=284–307 |doi=10.2307/1930070 |jstor=1930070 |url=http://www.ecology150anniversary.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/tansley-1935.pdf |access-date=2016-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006125220/http://www.ecology150anniversary.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/tansley-1935.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-06}}</ref> The [[International Biological Program]] (1964–74) projects popularized the concept of biome.<ref>Box, E.O. & Fujiwara, K. (2005). Vegetation types and their broad-scale distribution. In: [[Eddy van der Maarel|van der Maarel, E.]] (ed.). ''Vegetation ecology''. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. pp. 106–128, [https://e.famnit.upr.si/pluginfile.php/14045/mod_resource/content/1/Vegetation%20Ecology.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828093637/https://e.famnit.upr.si/pluginfile.php/14045/mod_resource/content/1/Vegetation%20Ecology.pdf|date=2016-08-28}}.</ref> However, in some contexts, the term ''biome'' is used in a different manner. In German literature, particularly in the [[Heinrich Walter|Walter]] terminology, the term is used similarly as ''[[biotope]]'' (a concrete geographical unit), while the biome definition used in this article is used as an international, non-regional, terminology—irrespectively of the continent in which an area is present, it takes the same biome name—and corresponds to his "zonobiome", "orobiome" and "pedobiome" (biomes determined by climate zone, altitude or soil).<ref name="WalterBreckle">{{cite book|last1=Walter |first1=H. |last2=Breckle |first2=S-W. |date=2002 |title=Walter's Vegetation of the Earth: The Ecological Systems of the Geo-Biosphere |location=New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |page=86 |isbn=9783540433156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdaCSwxK5bIC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127041949/https://books.google.com/books?id=SdaCSwxK5bIC |archive-date=2016-11-27 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In the Brazilian literature, the term ''biome'' is sometimes used as a synonym of ''[[biogeographic province]]'', an area based on [[species composition]] (the term ''[[floristic province]]'' being used when plant species are considered), or also as synonym of the "morphoclimatic and phytogeographical domain" of [[Aziz Ab'Sáber|Ab'Sáber]], a geographic space with subcontinental dimensions, with the predominance of similar geomorphologic and climatic characteristics, and of a certain vegetation form. Both include many biomes in fact.<ref name="Coutinho">{{cite journal|last=Coutinho |first=L. M. |date=2006 |title=O conceito de bioma |language=pt |trans-title=The biome concept |journal=[[Acta Botanica Brasilica]] |volume=20 |number=1 |pages=13–23 |doi=10.1590/S0102-33062006000100002 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2006AcBBr..20...13C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Batalha |first=M.A. |date=2011 |title=The Brazilian cerrado is not a biome. |journal=Biota Neotropica |volume=11 |pages=21–24 |doi=10.1590/S1676-06032011000100001 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fiaschi |first1=P. |last2=Pirani |first2=J.R. |date=2009 |title=Review of plant biogeographic studies in Brazil |journal=[[Journal of Systematics and Evolution]] |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=477–496 |doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00046.x |bibcode=2009JSyEv..47..477F |s2cid=84315246 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249500929 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831040555/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249500929_Review_of_plant_biogeographic_studies_in_Brazil |archive-date=2017-08-31}}</ref>
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