Editing Birth order (section)

{{Short description|Sequence in which children are born into a family}}
{{Redirect-multi|3|Younger brother|Middle child|Fourth child|other uses of Younger brother|Younger brother (disambiguation)|the J. Cole song|Middle Child|the belief that middle children develop specific characteristics|Middle child syndrome|the ''Neon Genesis Evangelion'' episode|Fourth Child{{!}}''Fourth Child''}}
'''Birth order''' refers to the order a child is born in their family;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kuba |first1=Radim |last2=Flegr |first2=Jaroslav |title=Encyclopedia of Sexual Psychology and Behavior |date=2024 |publisher=[[Springer, Cham]] |isbn=978-3-031-08956-5 |pages=1–17 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_519-1 |language=en |chapter=Birth Order |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_519-1}}</ref> [[firstborn|first-born]] and second-born are examples. Birth order is often believed to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development. This assertion has been repeatedly challenged.<ref name="Rowe2000" /> Recent research has consistently found that earlier born children score slightly higher on average on measures of intelligence, but has found zero, or almost zero, robust effect of birth order on personality.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rohrer|first1=Julia M.|last2=Egloff|first2=Boris|last3=Schmukle|first3=Stefan C.|date=2015-11-17|title=Examining the effects of birth order on personality|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=46|pages=14224–14229|doi=10.1073/pnas.1506451112|issn=0027-8424|pmid=26483461|pmc=4655522|bibcode=2015PNAS..11214224R|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nevertheless, the notion that birth-order significantly influences personality continues to have a strong presence in [[pop psychology]] and popular culture.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/birthordereffect0000isaa|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/birthordereffect0000isaa/page/141 141]|quote=fourthborn.|title=The Birth Order Effect: How to Better Understand Yourself and Others|last=Isaacson|first=Clifford E|publisher=Adams Media Corporation|year=2002|isbn=978-1580625517}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bradshawonfamily00brad|url-access=registration|quote=fourth children.|title=The Family: A New Way of Creating Solid Self-esteem|last=Bradshaw|first=John|publisher=Health Communications|year=1996|isbn=978-1558744271|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bradshawonfamily00brad/page/36 36]–37}}</ref>