Editing Brain–computer interface (section)

{{for|direct brain control of prosthetic devices|Neuroprosthetics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device}}
[[File:BrainGate.jpg|thumb|Dummy unit illustrating the design of a [[BrainGate]] interface]]

A '''brain–computer interface''' ('''BCI'''), sometimes called a '''brain–machine interface''' ('''BMI'''), is a direct communication link between the [[brain]]'s electrical activity and an external device, most commonly a computer or robotic limb. BCIs are often directed at researching, [[Brain mapping|mapping]], assisting, [[Augmented cognition|augmenting]], or repairing human [[Cognitive skill|cognitive]] or [[Sensory-motor coupling|sensory-motor functions]].<ref name="Krucoff 584">{{cite journal | vauthors = Krucoff MO, Rahimpour S, Slutzky MW, Edgerton VR, Turner DA | title = Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation | journal = Frontiers in Neuroscience | volume = 10 | page = 584 |year=2016 | pmid = 28082858 | pmc = 5186786 | doi = 10.3389/fnins.2016.00584 | doi-access = free }}</ref> They are often conceptualized as a [[human–machine interface]] that skips the intermediary of moving body parts (e.g. hands or feet). BCI implementations range from non-invasive ([[EEG]], [[Magnetoencephalography|MEG]], [[MRI]]) and partially invasive ([[ECoG]] and endovascular) to invasive ([[microelectrode array]]), based on how physically close electrodes are to brain tissue.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Martini |first1=Michael L. |last2=Oermann |first2=Eric Karl |last3=Opie |first3=Nicholas L. |last4=Panov |first4=Fedor |last5=Oxley |first5=Thomas |last6=Yaeger |first6=Kurt |date=February 2020 |title=Sensor Modalities for Brain-Computer Interface Technology: A Comprehensive Literature Review |url=https://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery/abstract/2020/02000/sensor_modalities_for_brain_computer_interface.22.aspx |journal=Neurosurgery |language=en-US |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=E108–E117 |doi=10.1093/neuros/nyz286 |pmid=31361011 |issn=0148-396X}}</ref>

Research on BCIs began in the 1970s by Jacques Vidal at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA) under a grant from the [[National Science Foundation]], followed by a contract from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ([[DARPA]]).<ref name="Vidal1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vidal JJ | title = Toward direct brain-computer communication | journal = Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 157–180 | year = 1973 | pmid = 4583653 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.bb.02.060173.001105 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Vidal2">{{cite journal| vauthors = Vidal J |title=Real-Time Detection of Brain Events in EEG|journal= Proceedings of the IEEE|year=1977|volume=65|pages=633–641|doi=10.1109/PROC.1977.10542|issue=5|s2cid=7928242}}</ref> Vidal's 1973 paper introduced the expression ''brain–computer interface'' into scientific literature.

Due to the [[cortical plasticity]] of the brain, signals from implanted [[prostheses]] can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Levine SP, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Rohde MM, Passaro EA, Ross DA, Elisevich KV, Smith BJ | display-authors = 6 | title = A direct brain interface based on event-related potentials | journal = IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 180–185 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10896180 | doi = 10.1109/86.847809 }}</ref> Following years of animal experimentation, the first [[neuroprosthetic]] devices were implanted in humans in the mid-1990s.

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