Editing C. V. Raman (section)

{{Short description|Indian physicist (1888–1970)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Indian name|Venkata Raman, or just Raman|Chandrasekhara}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix  = [[Sir]]
| name              = C. V. Raman
| honorific_suffix  = {{Post-nominals|FRS|size=100%}}
| image             = Sir CV Raman.JPG
| caption           = Raman in 1930
| birth_name        = Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1888|11|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place       = [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1970|11|21|1888|11|07|df=yes}}
| death_place       = [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]], India
| alma_mater        = [[University of Madras]]<br>([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], 1904; [[Master of Arts|MA]], 1907)
| known_for         = [[Raman scattering]] (1928)
| spouse            = {{Marriage|Lokasundari Ammal|1907}}
| children          =  2, including [[Venkatraman Radhakrishnan|Venkatraman]]
| relatives         = {{Plain list|
* [[S. Pancharatnam]] (nephew)
* [[S. Ramaseshan]] (nephew)
}}
| awards            = {{Plain list|
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1924)
* [[Matteucci Medal]] (1928)
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1930)
* [[Hughes Medal]] (1930)
* [[Lenin Peace Prize]] (1957)
}}
| honours           = {{Plain list|
* [[File:200px ribbon bar of the Knight Bachelor medal (UK).svg|25px]] [[Knight Bachelor]] (1929)
* [[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|25px]] [[Bharat Ratna]] (1954)
}}
| fields            = [[Physics]]
| work_institutions = {{Plain list|
* [[University of Calcutta]] (1917–1932)
* [[Indian Institute of Science]] (1933–1948)
* [[Raman Research Institute]] (director, 1948–1970)
}}
| academic_advisors = [[Rhishard Llewellyn Jones]]
| doctoral_students = [[G. N. Ramachandran]] (1947)
| notable_students  = {{Plain list|
* [[Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan]]
* [[K. R. Ramanathan]]
}}
| signature         = Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman, signature.svg
}}

'''Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman''' ({{Langx|ta|சந்திரசேகர வெங்கட ராமன்}}; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|m|ə|n}};<ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/raman-effect "Raman effect"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024192402/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/raman-effect |date=24 October 2018 }}. ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> 7 November 1888{{spaced ndash}}21 November 1970) was an Indian [[physicist]]<ref>{{cite web |title=C.V. Raman and the Raman Effect {{!}} Biography of Sir C.V. Raman |url=https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html#c-v-raman |website=acs.org |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> known for his work in the field of [[light scattering]].<ref name="frs">
{{Cite journal|last1=Bhagavantam|first1=Suri|year=1971|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, 1888–1970|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=17|pages=564–592|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1971.0022|doi-access=free}}</ref> Using a [[spectrograph]] that he developed, he and his student [[K. S. Krishnan]] discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, the deflected light changes its [[wavelength]]. This phenomenon, a hitherto unknown type of scattering of light, which they called ''modified scattering'' was subsequently termed the ''Raman effect'' or ''[[Raman scattering]]''. In 1930, Raman received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for this discovery and was the first Asian and non-White to receive a [[Nobel Prize]] in any branch of science.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Rajinder|last2=Riess|first2=Falk|date=1998|title=Sir C. V. Raman and the story of the Nobel prize|journal=Current Science|volume=75|issue=9|pages=965–971|jstor=24101681}}</ref>

Born to [[Tamil Brahmin]] parents, Raman was a [[Child prodigy|precocious child]], completing his secondary and higher secondary education from [[St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School]] at the age of 11 and 13, respectively. He topped the [[bachelor's degree]] examination of the [[University of Madras]] with honours in physics from [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] at age 16. His first research paper, on [[diffraction of light]], was published in 1906 while he was still a graduate student. The next year he obtained a master's degree. He joined the [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service|Indian Finance Service]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] as Assistant Accountant General at age 19. There he became acquainted with the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS), the first research institute in India, which allowed him to carry out independent research and where he made his major contributions in [[acoustics]] and [[optics]].

In 1917, he was appointed the first [[Palit Professor of Physics]] by [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]] at the [[Rajabazar Science College]] under the [[University of Calcutta]]. On his first trip to Europe, seeing the [[Mediterranean Sea]] motivated him to identify the prevailing explanation for the [[Color of water|blue colour of the sea]] at the time, namely the reflected [[Rayleigh scattering|Rayleigh-scattered light]] from the sky, as being incorrect. He founded the ''[[Indian Journal of Physics]]'' in 1926. He moved to [[Bangalore]] in 1933 to become the first Indian director of the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. He founded the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] the same year. He established the [[Raman Research Institute]] in 1948 where he worked to his last days.

The [[Raman effect]] was discovered on 28 February 1928. The day is celebrated annually by the [[Government of India]] as the [[National Science Day]].