Editing CREB (section)

{{Short description|Class of proteins}}
{{distinguish|Clean Renewable Energy Bonds}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
[[File:CREB protein.png|alt=|thumb|200x200px|CREB (top) is a [[transcription factor]] capable of binding [[DNA]] (bottom) and regulating [[gene expression]].]]
'''CREB-TF''' (CREB, '''cAMP response element-binding protein''')<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | last1 = Bourtchuladze |display-authors=et al | year = 1994| title = Deficient long-term memory in mice with a targeted mutation of the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein | journal = Cell | volume = 79 | issue = 1| pages = 59–68 | pmid = 7923378 | doi=10.1016/0092-8674(94)90400-6|s2cid=17250247 }}</ref> is a cellular [[transcription factor]]. It binds to certain [[DNA]] sequences called cAMP response elements (CRE), thereby increasing or decreasing the [[transcription (genetics)|transcription]] of the [[gene]]s.<ref name="Purves" >{{cite book | author = Purves, Dale | author2 = George J. Augustine | author3 = David Fitzpatrick | author4 = William C. Hall | author5 = Anthony-Samuel LaMantia | author6 = James O. McNamara | author7 = Leonard E. White | name-list-style = amp | title = Neuroscience | edition = 4th | publisher = Sinauer Associates | pages = 170–6 | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-87893-697-7}}</ref> CREB was first described in 1987 as a [[cyclic adenosine monophosphate|cAMP]]-responsive transcription factor regulating the [[somatostatin]] gene.<ref>{{Cite journal |title = Binding of a nuclear protein to the cyclic-AMP response element of the somatostatin gene. |journal = Nature |date = 1987 |pages = 175–178 |volume = 328
|issue = 6126 |first1 = MR |last1 = Montminy|first2 = LM |last2 = Bilezikjian |doi = 10.1038/328175a0 |pmid = 2885756 |bibcode = 1987Natur.328..175M |s2cid = 4345292 }}</ref>

Genes whose transcription is regulated by CREB include: ''[[c-fos]]'', [[BDNF]], [[tyrosine hydroxylase]], numerous [[neuropeptide]]s (such as [[somatostatin]], [[enkephalin]], [[VGF]], [[corticotropin-releasing hormone]]),<ref name="Purves" /> and genes involved in the mammalian [[circadian clock]] ([[PER1]], [[PER2]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = The Mammalian Circadian Timing System: Organization and Coordination of Central and Peripheral Clocks|journal = Annual Review of Physiology|date = 2010|pmid = 20148687|pages = 517–549|volume = 72|issue = 1|doi = 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135821|first1 = Charna|last1 = Dibner|first2 = Ueli|last2 = Schibler|first3 = Urs|last3 = Albrecht|url = http://doc.rero.ch/record/17505/files/alb_mct.pdf}}</ref>

CREB is closely related in structure and function to [[CAMP responsive element modulator|CREM]] ([[cAMP response element modulator]]) and ATF-1 ([[activating transcription factor-1]]) proteins. CREB proteins are expressed in many animals, including humans.

CREB has a well-documented role in [[Neuroplasticity|neuronal plasticity]] and [[long-term memory]] formation in the brain and has been shown to be integral in the formation of [[spatial memory]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Silva | display-authors = etal | year = 1998 | title = CREB and Memory | url = http://www.silvalab.com.cnchost.com/Silva-annrevneurcreb.pdf | journal = Annual Review of Neuroscience | volume = 21 | pages = 127–148 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.127 | pmid = 9530494 | access-date = 22 January 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828110737/http://www.silvalab.com.cnchost.com/Silva-annrevneurcreb.pdf | archive-date = 28 August 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref> CREB downregulation is implicated in the pathology of [[Alzheimer's disease]] and increasing the expression of CREB is being considered as a possible therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.<ref>Downregulation of CREB expression in Alzheimer's brain and in Ab-treated rat hippocampal neurons</ref> CREB also has a role in [[Entrainment (chronobiology)|photoentrainment]] in mammals.