Editing Cachexia (section)

{{Short description|Syndrome causing muscle loss}}
{{Redirect|Wasting syndrome|the process by which a debilitating disease causes muscle and fat tissue to "waste" away|wasting}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Cachexia
| synonyms = Wasting syndrome
| image = Riehl Zumbusch Tafel LVIII (2).jpg
| caption = Person with cancer-associated cachexia
| field = [[Oncology]], [[internal medicine]], [[physical medicine and rehabilitation]]
| symptoms = Sudden weight loss, altered eating signals
| complications = 
| onset = 
| duration = 
| types = 
| causes = 
| risks = 
| diagnosis = 
| differential = 
| prevention = 
| treatment = 
| medication = 
| prognosis = Very poor
| frequency = 1%
| deaths = 1.5 to 2 million people a year
}}
'''Cachexia''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|k|ɛ|k|s|i|ə|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Cachexia.wav}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/cachexia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108171254/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/cachexia|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 8, 2019|title=Cachexia &#124; Definition of Cachexia by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries &#124; English}}</ref>) is a syndrome that happens when people have certain illnesses, causing [[muscle loss]] that cannot be fully reversed with improved nutrition.<ref name="fearon-2011" /> It is most common in diseases like [[cancer]], [[Heart failure|congestive heart failure]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[chronic kidney disease]], and [[AIDS]].<ref name="cederholm-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Cederholm |first1=T. |last2=Barazzoni |first2=R. |last3=Austin |first3=P. |last4=Ballmer |first4=P. |last5=Biolo |first5=G. |last6=Bischoff |first6=S.C. |last7=Compher |first7=C. |last8=Correia |first8=I. |last9=Higashiguchi |first9=T. |last10=Holst |first10=M. |last11=Jensen |first11=G.L. |last12=Malone |first12=A. |last13=Muscaritoli |first13=M. |last14=Nyulasi |first14=I. |last15=Pirlich |first15=M. |date=2017 |title=ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261561416312420 |journal=Clinical Nutrition |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=49–64 |doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.004|pmid=27642056 |hdl=11368/2883964 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="muscaritoli-2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Muscaritoli |first1=M. |last2=Anker |first2=S.D. |last3=Argilés |first3=J. |last4=Aversa |first4=Z. |last5=Bauer |first5=J.M. |last6=Biolo |first6=G. |last7=Boirie |first7=Y. |last8=Bosaeus |first8=I. |last9=Cederholm |first9=T. |last10=Costelli |first10=P. |last11=Fearon |first11=K.C. |last12=Laviano |first12=A. |last13=Maggio |first13=M. |last14=Fanelli |first14=F. Rossi |last15=Schneider |first15=S.M. |date=2009 |title=Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: Joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) "cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases" and "nutrition in geriatrics" |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261561409002428 |journal=Clinical Nutrition |language=en |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=154–159 |doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.004|pmid=20060626 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>  These conditions change how the body handles inflammation, metabolism, and brain signaling, leading to muscle loss and other harmful changes to [[body composition]] over time.<ref name="ferrer-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Ferrer |first1=Miriam |last2=Anthony |first2=Tracy G. |last3=Ayres |first3=Janelle S. |last4=Biffi |first4=Giulia |last5=Brown |first5=Justin C. |last6=Caan |first6=Bette J. |last7=Cespedes Feliciano |first7=Elizabeth M. |last8=Coll |first8=Anthony P. |last9=Dunne |first9=Richard F. |last10=Goncalves |first10=Marcus D. |last11=Grethlein |first11=Jonas |last12=Heymsfield |first12=Steven B. |last13=Hui |first13=Sheng |last14=Jamal-Hanjani |first14=Mariam |last15=Lam |first15=Jie Min |date=2023 |title=Cachexia: A systemic consequence of progressive, unresolved disease |journal=Cell |language=en |volume=186 |issue=9 |pages=1824–1845 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.028 |pmc=11059056 |pmid=37116469}}</ref> Unlike weight loss from not eating enough, cachexia mainly affects muscle and can happen with or without fat loss.<ref name="fearon-2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Fearon |first1=Kenneth C.H. |last2=Glass |first2=David J. |last3=Guttridge |first3=Denis C. |date=August 2012 |title=Cancer Cachexia: Mediators, Signaling, and Metabolic Pathways |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550413112002483 |journal=Cell Metabolism |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=153–166 |doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.011|pmid=22795476 }}</ref> Diagnosis of cachexia is difficult because there are no clear guidelines, and its occurrence varies from one affected person to the next.<ref name="sadeghi-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Sadeghi |first=Mohammadamin |last2=Keshavarz-Fathi |first2=Mahsa |last3=Baracos |first3=Vickie |last4=Arends |first4=Jann |last5=Mahmoudi |first5=Maryam |last6=Rezaei |first6=Nima |date=2018-07-01 |title=Cancer cachexia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040842817302731 |journal=Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology |volume=127 |pages=91–104 |doi=10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.006 |issn=1040-8428|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Like [[malnutrition]], cachexia can lead to worse health outcomes and lower quality of life.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Norman |first1=Kristina |last2=Pichard |first2=Claude |last3=Lochs |first3=Herbert |last4=Pirlich |first4=Matthias |date=2008 |title=Prognostic impact of disease-related malnutrition |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261561407001689 |journal=Clinical Nutrition |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=5–15 |doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2007.10.007 |pmid=18061312|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="evans-2008">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argilés J, Bales C, Baracos V, Guttridge D, Jatoi A, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lochs H, Mantovani G, Marks D, Mitch WE, Muscaritoli M, Najand A, Ponikowski P, Rossi Fanelli F, Schambelan M, Schols A, Schuster M, Thomas D, Wolfe R, Anker SD |date=December 2008 |title=Cachexia: a new definition |journal=Clinical Nutrition |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=793–9 |doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.013 |pmid=18718696 |s2cid=206821612}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bossi |first1=Paolo |last2=Delrio |first2=Paolo |last3=Mascheroni |first3=Annalisa |last4=Zanetti |first4=Michela |date=2021-06-09 |title=The Spectrum of Malnutrition/Cachexia/Sarcopenia in Oncology According to Different Cancer Types and Settings: A Narrative Review |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1980 |doi=10.3390/nu13061980 |doi-access=free |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=8226689 |pmid=34207529}}</ref>