Editing Caldera (section)

{{Short description|Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the emptying of a magma chamber}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
[[File:Mount Mazama eruption timeline.PNG|thumb|right|[[Mount Mazama]]'s eruption timeline, an example of caldera formation]]

A '''caldera''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɔː|l|ˈ|d|ɛr|ə|,_|k|æ|l|-}}<ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|caldera}}</ref> {{respell|kawl|DERR|ə|,_|kal|-}}) is a large [[cauldron]]-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a [[magma chamber]] in a [[volcanic eruption]]. An eruption that ejects large volumes of magma over a short period of time can cause significant detriment to the structural integrity of such a chamber, greatly diminishing its capacity to support its own roof and any substrate or rock resting above. The ground surface then collapses into the emptied or partially emptied magma chamber, leaving a large depression at the surface (from one to dozens of kilometers in diameter).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Troll|first1=V. R. |last2=Walter|first2=T. R. |last3=Schmincke|first3=H.-U. |date=2002-02-01 |title=Cyclic caldera collapse: Piston or piecemeal subsidence? Field and experimental evidence |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/30/2/135/192320/Cyclic-caldera-collapse-Piston-or-piecemeal |journal=[[Geology (journal)|Geology]] |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=135–38 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0135:CCCPOP>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2002Geo....30..135T |issn=0091-7613|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Although sometimes described as a [[Volcanic crater|crater]], the feature is actually a type of [[sinkhole]], as it is formed through [[subsidence]] and collapse rather than an explosion or impact. Compared to the thousands of volcanic eruptions that occur over the course of a century, the formation of a caldera is a rare event, occurring only a few times within a given window of 100 years.<ref name="Gudmundsson_EtAl_2016"/> Only eight caldera-forming collapses are known to have occurred between 1911 and 2018,<ref name="Gudmundsson_EtAl_2016">{{cite journal |last1=Gudmundsson |first1=Magnús T. |last2=Jónsdóttir |first2=Kristín |last3=Hooper |first3=Andrew |last4=Holohan |first4=Eoghan P. |last5=Halldórsson |first5=Sæmundur A. |last6=Ófeigsson |first6=Benedikt G. |last7=Cesca |first7=Simone |last8=Vogfjörd |first8=Kristín S. |last9=Sigmundsson |first9=Freysteinn |last10=Högnadóttir |first10=Thórdís |last11=Einarsson |first11=Páll |last12=Sigmarsson |first12=Olgeir |last13=Jarosch |first13=Alexander H. |last14=Jónasson |first14=Kristján |last15=Magnússon |first15=Eyjólfur |last16=Hreinsdóttir |first16=Sigrún |last17=Bagnardi |first17=Marco |last18=Parks |first18=Michelle M. |last19=Hjörleifsdóttir |first19=Vala |last20=Pálsson |first20=Finnur |last21=Walter |first21=Thomas R. |last22=Schöpfer |first22=Martin P. J. |last23=Heimann |first23=Sebastian |last24=Reynolds |first24=Hannah I. |last25=Dumont |first25=Stéphanie |last26=Bali |first26=Eniko |last27=Gudfinnsson |first27=Gudmundur H. |last28=Dahm |first28=Torsten |last29=Roberts |first29=Matthew J. |last30=Hensch |first30=Martin |last31=Belart |first31=Joaquín M. C. |last32=Spaans |first32=Karsten |last33=Jakobsson |first33=Sigurdur |last34=Gudmundsson |first34=Gunnar B. |last35=Fridriksdóttir |first35=Hildur M. |last36=Drouin |first36=Vincent |last37=Dürig |first37=Tobias |last38=Aðalgeirsdóttir |first38=Guðfinna |last39=Riishuus |first39=Morten S. |last40=Pedersen |first40=Gro B. M. |last41=van Boeckel |first41=Tayo |last42=Oddsson |first42=Björn |last43=Pfeffer |first43=Melissa A. |last44=Barsotti |first44=Sara |last45=Bergsson |first45=Baldur |last46=Donovan |first46=Amy |last47=Burton |first47=Mike R. |last48=Aiuppa |first48=Alessandro |title=Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow |journal=Science |date=15 July 2016 |volume=353 |issue=6296 |pages=aaf8988 |doi=10.1126/science.aaf8988 |pmid=27418515 |hdl=10447/227125 |s2cid=206650214 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/103058/1/Gudmundsson_et_al_2016_Science.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724114153/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/103058/1/Gudmundsson_et_al_2016_Science.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> with a caldera collapse at [[Kīlauea]], [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaii]], in 2018.<ref name="Shelley_Thelen_2019">{{cite journal | title=Anatomy of a Caldera Collapse: Kīlauea 2018 Summit Seismicity Sequence in High Resolution | last1=Shelly | first1=D.R. |last2=Thelen |first2=W.A. | journal=Geophysical Research Letters | year=2019 | volume=46 | issue=24 | pages=14395–14403 | doi=10.1029/2019GL085636| bibcode=2019GeoRL..4614395S | s2cid=214287960 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Volcanoes that have formed a caldera are sometimes described as "caldera volcanoes".<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Druitt | first1=T. H. | last2=Costa | first2=F. | last3=Deloule | first3=E. | last4=Dungan | first4=M. | last5=Scaillet | first5=B. | title=Decadal to monthly timescales of magma transfer and reservoir growth at a caldera volcano | journal=Nature | volume=482 | issue=7383 | date=2012 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature10706 | pages=77–80| pmid=22297973 | bibcode=2012Natur.482...77D | hdl=10220/7536 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>