Editing Cardinal Richelieu (section)

{{Short description|French statesman and clergyman (1585–1642)}}
{{Redirect|The Red Eminence|the Soviet statesman also known by that epithet|Mikhail Suslov}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[Eminence (style)|His Grand Eminence]]
| name                = The Duke of Richelieu
| honorific-suffix    = [[Order of the Holy Spirit|COHS]]
| image               = Champaigne portrait richelieu eb.jpg
| caption             = [[Portrait of Cardinal Richelieu (Champaigne, Strasbourg)|Portrait of Richelieu]] by [[Philippe de Champaigne|Champaigne]], 1642 ([[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg]])
| office              = [[Chief Minister of France|Chief Minister of State of France]]
| monarch             = [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]]
| term_start          = 12 August 1624
| term_end            = 4 December 1642
| predecessor         = [[Concino Concini|The Marquis of Ancre]]<br/>''Vacant'' (1617–1624)
| successor           = [[Cardinal Mazarin|Jules Mazarin]]
| office1             = [[Governor of Brittany]]
| monarch1            = Louis XIII
| term_start1         = 17 April 1632
| term_end1           = 4 December 1642
| predecessor1        = {{ill|The Marquis of Thémines|fr|Pons de Lauzières-Thémines}}
| successor1          = [[Anne of Austria|Queen Anne]]
| office2             = [[Admiral of France|Grand Master of Navigation of France]]
| monarch2            = Louis XIII
| term_start2         = 1626
| term_end2           = 1642
| predecessor2        = [[Henri II de Montmorency|The Duke of Montmorency]]
| successor2          = [[Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé|The Marquis of Brézé]]
| office3             = [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (France)|Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of France]]
| monarch3            = Louis XIII
| 1blankname3         = [[Chief Minister of France|First Minister of State]]
| 1namedata3          = [[Concino Concini]]
| term_start3         = 30 November 1616
| term_end3           = 24 April 1617
| predecessor3        = {{ill|Claude Mangot|fr}}
| successor3          = [[Pierre Brûlart, marquis de Sillery|The Marquis of Sillery]]
| office4             = [[Secretary of State for War (France)|Secretary of State for War of France]]
| monarch4            = Louis XIII
| 1blankname4         = [[Chief Minister of France|First Minister of State]]
| 1namedata4          = [[Concino Concini]]
| term_start4         = 25 November 1616
| term_end4           = 24 April 1617
| predecessor4        = Claude Mangot
| successor4          = [[Nicolas Brulart de Sillery]]
| status4             = Interim
| birth_name          = Armand Jean du Plessis
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1585|09|09|df=yes}}
| birth_place         = Paris, [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|1642|12|4|1585|9|9}}
| death_place         = Paris, France
| resting_place       = [[Sorbonne Chapel]]
| nationality         = [[French nationality law|French]]
| alma_mater          = [[College of Navarre]]
| profession          = Clergyman, statesman
| module              = {{Infobox Christian leader|embed=yes
| type             = cardinal
| title            = [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon|Bishop of Luçon]]
| metropolis       = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux|Bordeaux]]
| diocese          = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon|Luçon]]
| see              = [[Luçon]]
| appointed        = 18 December 1606
| term_start       = 17 April 1607
| term_end         = Before 29 April 1624
| predecessor      = François Yver
| successor        = Emery de Bragelongne
| consecration     = 17 April 1607
| consecrated_by   = [[Anne d'Escars de Givry]]
| cardinal         = 5 September 1622
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Gregory XV]]
| rank              = Cardinal-Priest
| previous_post    = {{unbulleted list|[[Territorial abbot]] [[Abbot|Coadjutor]] of [[Cluny Abbey|Cluny]] (1627–1635)|[[Territorial abbot]] of [[Cluny Abbey|Cluny]] (1635–1642)}}
| coat_of_arms     = Coat of Arms of Cardinal Richelieu.svg
| signature        = Cardinal Richelieu Signature.svg
}}
}}
{{Infobox cardinal styles
| cardinal name = Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu
| dipstyle      = His Grand Eminence
| offstyle      = Your Grand Eminence
| image         = Coat of Arms of Cardinal Richelieu.svg
| image_size    = 200px
| see           = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon|Luçon]]
}}
'''Armand Jean du Plessis,{{efn|{{IPA|fr|aʁmɑ̃ ʒɑ̃ dy plɛsi|lang}}}} 1st Duke of Richelieu''' (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as '''Cardinal Richelieu''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|r|ɪ|ʃ|ə|l|j|ɜr|,_|ˈ|r|iː|ʃ|-}},<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/richelieu|title= Richelieu|work= Collins English Dictionary|publisher= HarperCollins|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190729142210/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/richelieu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Richelieu,+Duc+de |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220320081318/https://www.lexico.com/definition/richelieu,_duc_de |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2022-03-20 |title= Richelieu, Duc de |dictionary= Lexico UK English Dictionary |publisher= Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="LD">{{cite web|url= https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/cardinal-richelieu|title=Richelieu, Cardinal |work= Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English|publisher= Longman|access-date= 6 October 2019|archive-date= 6 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191006100200/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/cardinal-richelieu|url-status= live}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|r|ɪ|ʃ|ə|l|(|j|)|uː|,_|ˈ|r|iː|ʃ|-}};<ref name="LD"/><ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Richelieu|access-date= 29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Richelieu|access-date= 29 July 2019}}</ref> {{langx|fr|Cardinal de Richelieu|links= no}} {{IPA|fr|kaʁdinal d(ə) ʁiʃ(ə)ljø||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Richelieu.wav}}}} was a [[Catholic Church in France|French Catholic]] prelate and statesman who had an outsized influence in civil and religious affairs. He became known as '''the Red Eminence''' ({{langx|fr|l'Éminence Rouge}}), a term derived from the style of [[Eminence (style)|Eminence]] applied to [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]] and their customary red robes.

Consecrated a bishop in 1607, Richelieu was appointed [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (France)|Foreign Secretary]] in 1616. He continued to rise through the hierarchy of both the [[Catholic Church]] and the French government, becoming a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] in 1622 and [[Chief minister of France|chief minister]] to King [[Louis XIII|Louis XIII of France]] in 1624. He retained that office until his death in 1642, when he was succeeded by Cardinal [[Cardinal Mazarin|Jules Mazarin]], whose career the cardinal had fostered. Richelieu became engaged in a bitter dispute with [[Marie de' Medici|Marie de Médici]], the king's mother, and formerly his close ally.

Richelieu sought to consolidate royal [[Power (politics)|power]] and restrained the power of the nobility in order to transform France into a strong [[Centralisation|centralized]] state. In foreign policy, his primary objectives were to check the power of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg dynasty]] (reigning notably in [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] and [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]]) and to ensure French dominance in the [[Thirty Years' War]] of 1618–1648 after that conflict engulfed Europe. Despite suppressing the [[Huguenot rebellions]] of the 1620s, he made alliances with [[Protestantism |Protestant]] states like the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Dutch Republic]] to help him achieve his goals. Although he was a powerful political figure in his own right, events such as the [[Day of the Dupes]] ({{langx|fr|link=no|Journée des Dupes}}) in 1630 showed that Richelieu's power still depended on the king's confidence.

An alumnus of the [[University of Paris]] and headmaster of the [[College of Sorbonne]], Richelieu renovated and extended the institution. He became famous for his patronage of the arts and founded the {{Lang|fr|[[Académie Française]]|italic=no}}, the [[learned society]] responsible for matters pertaining to the [[French language]]. As an advocate for [[Samuel de Champlain]] and [[New France]], he founded (1627) the {{Lang|fr|[[Company of One Hundred Associates|Compagnie des Cent-Associés]]|italic=no}}; he also negotiated the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)|1632 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] under which [[Quebec City]] returned to French rule after [[Surrender of Quebec|English privateers took it]] in 1629. He was created [[Duke of Richelieu]] in 1629.