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Caron
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{{Short description|Diacritical mark}} {{Other uses|Caron (disambiguation)}} {{Redirect|Hacek|the group of bacteria|HACEK organisms}} {{more citations needed|date=October 2010}} {{Infobox diacritic|char=◌̌ |name=Caron |unicode={{unichar|030C|COMBINING CARON|cwith=◌}} }} A '''caron''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ær|ə|n}} {{respell|KARR|ən}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Longman pronunciation dictionary|chapter=caron|first=John C. |last=Wells|publisher=Longman|location=Harlow, England|year=1990|isbn=0582053838|page=121}}</ref> or '''háček''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɑː|tʃ|ɛ|k|,_|ˈ|h|æ|tʃ|ɛ|k|,_|ˈ|h|eɪ|tʃ|ɛ|k}} {{respell|HAH|chek|,_|HATCH|ek|,_|HAY|chek}}),{{efn|Also known as a or '''haček''' plural ''háčeks'' or ''háčky''), '''hachek''', '''wedge''', '''check''', '''kvačica''', '''strešica''', '''mäkčeň''', '''varnelė''', '''paukščiukas''', '''inverted circumflex''', '''inverted hat''', '''flying bird''', or '''inverted chevron'''. Háček is Czech for "little hook".}} is a [[diacritic]] mark ({{serif|{{char|◌̌}}}}) placed over certain letters in the orthography of some languages, to indicate a change of the related letter's pronunciation. Typographers tend to use the term ''caron'', while linguists prefer the [[Czech (language)|Czech]] word ''{{lang|cs|háček}}''. The symbol is common in the [[Baltic languages|Baltic]], [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Finnic languages|Finnic]], [[Sami languages|Samic]] and [[Berber languages|Berber]] language families. Its use differs according to the orthographic rules of a language. In most Slavic and other European languages it indicates present or historical [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]] ('''e''' → '''ě'''; [{{IPA|e}}] → [{{IPA|ʲe}}]), [[iotation]], or [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar articulation]] ('''c''' → '''č'''; {{IPA|[ts]}} → {{IPA|[tʃ]}}). In [[Salishan languages]], it often represents a [[uvular consonant]] ('''x →''' '''x̌'''; [{{IPA|x}}] → {{IPA|[χ]}}). When placed over vowel symbols, the caron can indicate a contour [[tone (linguistics)|tone]], for instance the falling and then rising tone in the [[Pinyin]] [[romanization]] of [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] Chinese. It is also used to decorate symbols in mathematics, where it is often pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|ɛ|k}} ("check"). The caron is shaped approximately like a small letter "v". For [[serif]] typefaces, the caron generally has one of two forms: either symmetrical, essentially identical to an inverted [[circumflex]]; or with the left stroke thicker than the right, like the usual serif form of the letter "v" ({{serif|{{char|v}}}}, but without serifs). The latter form is often preferred by Czech designers for use in [[Czech language|Czech]], while for other uses the symmetrical form tends to predominate,<ref>Gaultney, Victor. "[http://typefacedesign.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/MATD01_VG_ProbDiacLo.pdf Problems of diacritic design for Latin text faces.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003014409/http://typefacedesign.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/MATD01_VG_ProbDiacLo.pdf |date=2020-10-03 }}" Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Typeface Design, University of Reading, 2002, pp. 16–18.</ref> as it does also among [[sans-serif]] typefaces. The caron is not to be confused with the [[breve]] ({{serif|{{char|◌̆}}}}, which is curved rather than angled): {| class="wikitable" |+Breve vs. caron !Breve |<big><big>Ă ă Ĕ ĕ Ğ ğ Ĭ ĭ Ŏ ŏ Ŭ ŭ Y̆ y̆</big></big> |- !Caron |<big><big>Ǎ ǎ Ě ě Ǧ ǧ Ǐ ǐ Ǒ ǒ Ǔ ǔ Y̌ y̌</big></big> |}
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