Editing Caudate nucleus (section)

{{short description|Structure of the striatum in the basal ganglia of the brain}}
{{Infobox brain
| Name            = Caudate nucleus
| Latin           = nucleus caudatus
| Image           = Caudate nucleus.svg
| Caption         = Caudate nucleus (in red) shown within the brain
| Image2          = Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg
| Caption2        = Transverse cut of brain (horizontal section), [[basal ganglia]] is blue
| IsPartOf        = [[Dorsal striatum]]
| Components      =
| Artery          =
| Vein            =
}}
The '''caudate nucleus''' is one of the structures that make up the [[corpus striatum]], which is part of the [[basal ganglia]] in the [[human brain]].<ref name="Striatal efferents, afferents, and colocalized receptors in dMSNs and iMSNs" />  Although the caudate nucleus has long been associated with motor processes because of its role in [[Parkinson's disease]],<ref name="NHM-Caudatep147">{{cite book|title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience|vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|year=2009|isbn=9780071481274|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=147–148|veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=Cannot find the information on the mentioned page. add quote as an improvement?|date=November 2016}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Neuroscience : exploring the brain|last=Bear|first=Mark F.|others=Connors, Barry W.,, Paradiso, Michael A.|year=2016|isbn=9780781778176|edition=Fourth |location=Philadelphia|pages=502|oclc=897825779}}</ref> it also plays important roles in nonmotor functions, such as [[procedural learning]],<ref name="NHM-Caudatep326">{{cite book|title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience|vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|year=2009|isbn=9780071481274|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=326|quote=Evidence that the caudate nucleus and putamen influence stimulus-response learning comes from lesion studies in rodents and primates and from neuroimaging studies in humans and from studies of human disease. In Parkinson disease, the dopaminergic innervation of the caudate and putamen is severely compromised by the death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (Chapter 17). Patients with Parkinson disease have normal declarative memory (unless they have a co-occurring dementia as may occur in Lewy body disease.) However, they have marked impairments of stimulus-response learning. Patients with Parkinson disease or other basal ganglia disorders such as Huntington disease (in which caudate neurons themselves are damaged) have deficits in other procedural learning tasks, such as the acquisition of new motor programs.|veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY}}</ref> [[associative learning]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson BA, Kuwabara H, Wong DF, Roberts J, Rahmim A, Brašić JR, Courtney SM | title = Linking dopaminergic reward signals to the development of attentional bias: A positron emission tomographic study | journal = NeuroImage | volume = 157 | pages = 27–33 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28572059 | pmc = 5600829 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.062 }}</ref> and [[inhibitory control]] of action.<ref name="NHM-Caudate">{{cite book|title=Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience|vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|year=2009|isbn=9780071481274|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=321|quote=Functional neuroimaging in humans demonstrates activation of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus (part of the striatum) in tasks that demand inhibitory control of behavior.|veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY}}</ref> The caudate is also one of the brain structures that compose the [[reward system]], and it functions as part of the [[cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop]].<ref name="Striatal efferents, afferents, and colocalized receptors in dMSNs and iMSNs">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yager LM, Garcia AF, Wunsch AM, Ferguson SM | title = The ins and outs of the striatum: Role in drug addiction | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 301 | pages = 529–541 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26116518 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.033 | pmc=4523218}}</ref>