Editing Chan Chan (section)

{{Short description|Pre-Columbian city in South America}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox ancient site
 |name = Chan Chan
 |image = {{Photomontage
|border=1
|color_border=Orange 
|color=#000000
|spacing=1
|size=300
|photo1a= Chan chan view1.jpg{{!}}Chan chan view, capital of [[Chimor]]
|photo2a=Chan chan wall2.jpg{{!}}Chan chan wall| photo2b=Chan chan wall1.jpg{{!}}Chan chan wall
|photo3a=Adobe detail at Chan Chan.JPG{{!}}Adobe detail at Chan Chan| photo3b=Chan Chan 18.jpg{{!}}Chan Chan 
|photo4a=Chan Chan panel.jpg{{!}}Chan Chan panel
|foot_montage = From top: View over Chan Chan, walls, adobe details, panel of warriors detail
}}
 |map_type = Peru
 |relief = yes
 |map_alt = Map showing location in Peru
 |coordinates = {{coord|8|6|21|S|79|4|28|W|display=inline,title}}
 |location = [[La Libertad Region]], [[Peru]]
 |built = 850
 |cultures = [[Chimú culture]]
 | designation1          = WHS
| designation1_offname  = Chan Chan Archaeological Zone
| designation1_date     = 1986 <small>(10th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_number   = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/366 366]
| designation1_criteria = i, iii
| designation1_type     = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
| designation1_free2name = [[List of World Heritage in Danger|Endangered]]
| designation1_free2value = 1986–present
}}

'''Chan Chan''' ({{IPA|es|tʃaɲ 'tʃaŋ}}), sometimes itself called '''Chimor''', was the capital city of the [[Chimor|Chimor kingdom]]. It was the largest city of the [[pre-Columbian era]] in [[South America]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Technology, Society and Change: Shell Artifact Production Among the Manteno (A.D. 800--1532) of Coastal Ecuador|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UZTU3VD-UYwC&q=chan%2520chan&pg=PA7|date = 2008-01-01|isbn = 9780549646341|last = Carter|first = Benjamin}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is now an [[archeological site]] in the [[department of La Libertad]] {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=us|spell=in}} west of [[Trujillo, Peru]].<ref>{{Citation  | last = The Smithsonian Staff  | title = 10 Must-See Endangered Cultural Treasures  | journal = Smithsonian  | volume = 39  | issue = 12  | pages = 35  | date = March 2010  | url = http://www.smithsonian.com  | access-date = 2020-07-17  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200422225254/https://www.smithsonian.com/  | archive-date = 2020-04-22  | url-status = dead  }} - Chan Chan, Peru, End of an Empire by Bruce Hathaway</ref>

Chan Chan is located in the mouth of the [[Moche Valley]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|jstor = 1739056|title = Chan Chan: Andean Alternative of the Preindustrial City|last = Moseley|first = Michael|date = 24 January 1975|journal = Science|doi = 10.1126/science.187.4173.219|pmid =17838775|volume=187|issue = 4173|pages=219–225|bibcode = 1975Sci...187..219M|s2cid = 20314792}}</ref> and was the capital of the historical empire of the [[Chimor]] from 900 to 1470,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|jstor = 23072515|title = Building Chan Chan: A Project Management Perspective|last = Smailes|first = Richard|date = March 2011|journal = Latin American Antiquity|doi = 10.7183/1045-6635.22.1.37|volume=22|issue = 1|pages=37–63|s2cid = 164117955}}</ref> when they were defeated and incorporated into the [[Inca Empire]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Kingdom of Chimor|last = Rowe|first = John|date = 1948|journal = Acta Americana}}</ref> Chimor, a conquest state,<ref name=":0" /> developed from the [[Chimú culture]] which established itself along the Peruvian coast around 900&nbsp;CE.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Incas|last = D'Altroy|first = Terence|publisher = Blackwell Publishing|year = 2002|isbn = 978-0-631-17677-0|location = Malden, MA|pages = [https://archive.org/details/incasthepeopleso00tere/page/41 41]|url = https://archive.org/details/incasthepeopleso00tere/page/41}}</ref>

Chan Chan is in a particularly arid section of the coastal desert of northern Peru.<ref name="Holstein">{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/208132 | volume=17 | title=Chan-Chan: Capital of the Great Chimu | year=1927 | journal=Geographical Review | last1 = Holstein | first1 = Otto| issue=1 | pages=36–61 | jstor=208132 }} {{subscription required}}</ref> Due to the lack of rain in this area, the major source of nonsalted water for Chan Chan is in the form of rivers carrying [[surface runoff]] from the [[Andes]].<ref name=":1" /> This runoff allows for control of land and water through [[Irrigation in Peru|irrigation systems]].

The city of Chan Chan spanned {{Convert|20|km2|mi2 acre|sp=us}} and had a dense urban center of {{Convert|6|km2|mi2 acre|sp=us|spell=in}} which contained extravagant ''ciudadelas''.<ref name=":0" /> ''Ciudadelas'' were large architectural masterpieces which housed plazas, storerooms, and burial platforms for the royals.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Encyclopedia of Prehistory|last = Moore|first = Jerry|publisher = Human Relations Area Files, Inc.|year = 2002}}</ref> The splendor of these ''ciudadelas'' suggests their association with the royal class.<ref name=":2" /> Housing for the lower classes of Chan Chan's hierarchical society are known as small, irregular agglutinated rooms (SIARs).<ref name=":2" /> Because the lower classes were often artisans whose role in the empire was to produce crafts, many of these SIARs were used as workshops.<ref name=":2" />