Editing Chartism (section)

{{short description|British working-class movement (1838–1857)}}
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{{Other uses of|Chartist}}
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[[File:Chartist meeting on Kennington Common by William Edward Kilburn 1848 - restoration1.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.35|A photograph of the Great Chartist Meeting on [[Kennington Common]], London, 1848]]
{{Radicalism sidebar|history}}
{{Liberalism UK|History}}'''Chartism''' was a [[working-class]] movement for political reform in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] that erupted from 1838 to 1857 and was strongest in 1839, 1842 and 1848. It took its name from the People's Charter of 1838<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-parliament-in-the-making/get-involved1/2015-banners-exhibition/ross-sinclair/1838-peoples-charter-gallery/|title=1838 People's Charter - UK Parliament}}</ref> and was a national protest movement, with particular strongholds of support in [[Northern England]], the [[East Midlands]], the [[Staffordshire Potteries]], the [[Black Country]] and the [[South Wales Valleys]], where working people depended on single industries and were subject to wild swings in economic activity. Chartism was less strong in places such as [[Bristol]], that had more diversified economies.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/bha010 John Cannon, ''The Chartists in Bristol'' (Bristol Historical Association pamphlets, no. 10, 1964), 18 pp.]</ref> The movement was fiercely opposed by government authorities, who finally suppressed it.

Support for the movement was at its highest when petitions signed by millions of working people were presented to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]. The strategy employed was to use the scale of support which these petitions and the accompanying mass meetings demonstrated to put pressure on politicians to concede male suffrage. Chartism thus relied on constitutional methods to secure its aims, though some became involved in insurrectionary activities, notably in South Wales and in [[Yorkshire]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021|reason=no sources cited for entire opening paragraph}}

The People's Charter called for six reforms to make the political system more democratic:
* A vote for every man aged twenty-one years and above, of sound mind, and not undergoing punishment for a crime.
* The [[secret ballot]] to protect the elector in the exercise of his vote.
* No property qualification for [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs), to allow the constituencies to return the man of their choice.
* Payment of Members, enabling tradesmen, working men, or other persons of modest means to leave or interrupt their livelihood to attend to the interests of the nation.
* Equal constituencies, securing the same amount of representation for the same number of electors, instead of allowing less populous constituencies to have as much or more weight than larger ones.
* Annual parliamentary elections, thus presenting the most effectual check to bribery and intimidation, since no purse could buy a constituency under a system of [[universal manhood suffrage]] in every twelve months. 
Eventually, after Chartism died out, Britain adopted all but the last of these six reforms. Chartists saw themselves fighting against political corruption and for democracy in an industrial society, but attracted support beyond the radical political groups for economic reasons, such as opposing wage cuts and unemployment.<ref name="Chase2007">Malcolm Chase, ''Chartism: A New History'' (Manchester UP, 2007)</ref><ref>Boyd Hilton, ''A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846'' (2006) pp&nbsp;612–621</ref>