Editing Cheering (section)

{{Short description|Sounds made usually to encourage}}
{{redirect|Cheer|other uses|Cheer (disambiguation)|and|Cheers (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Ура!.ogg|thumb|right|350px|[[Military of Russia|Russian troops]] cheering Ura! ({{langx|ru|link=no|Ура!}}) at the [[2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade]] on [[Moscow]]'s [[Red Square]].]]
'''Cheering''' involves the uttering or making of sounds and may be used to encourage, excite to action, indicate [[social approval|approval]] or welcome.

The word cheer originally meant face, countenance, or expression, and came through [[Old French language|Old French]] into [[Middle English]] in the 13th century from [[Low Latin]] ''cara'', head; this is generally referred to the [[Greek language|Greek]] καρα;. ''Cara'' is used by the 6th-century poet [[Flavius Cresconius Corippus]], ''Postquam venere verendam Caesilris ante caram'' (''In Laud em Justini Minoris''). Cheer was at first qualified with epithets, both of joy and gladness and of sorrow; compare She thanked Dyomede for ale ... his gode chere ([[Chaucer]], ''Troylus'') with If they sing ... tis with so dull a cheere ([[Shakespeare]], ''Sonnets'', xcvii.). An early transference in meaning was to hospitality or entertainment, and hence to food and drink, good cheer. The sense of a shout of encouragement or applause is a late use. [[Daniel Defoe|Defoe]] (''Captain Singleton'') speaks of it as a sailor's word, and the meaning does not appear in [[A Dictionary of the English Language|Johnson's Dictionary]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=21}}

Of the different words or rather sounds that are used in cheering, "[[hurrah]]", though now generally looked on as the typical British form of cheer, is found in various forms in German, Scandinavian, Russian (''ura''), French (''hourra''). It is probably [[onomatopoeic]] in origin. The English hurrah was preceded by huzza, stated to be a sailors word, and generally connected with heeze, to hoist, probably being one of the cries that sailors use when hauling or hoisting. The German ''hoch'', seen in full in ''Hoch lebe der Kaiser'', &c., the French ''vive'', Italian and Spanish ''viva'', ''evviva'', are cries rather of acclamation than encouragement. The Japanese shout ''[[ten thousand years|banzai]]'' became familiar during the [[Russo-Japanese War]]. In reports of parliamentary and other debates the insertion of cheers at any point in a speech indicates that approval was shown by members of the House by emphatic utterances of [[hear hear]]. Cheering may be tumultuous, or it may be conducted rhythmically by prearrangement, as in the case of the Hip-hip-hip by way of introduction to a simultaneous hurrah.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=21–2}} The saying "hip hip hurrah" dates to the early 1800s.  Nevertheless, some sources speculate possible roots going back to the [[Crusades|crusader]]s, then meaning "Jerusalem is lost to the infidel, and we are on our way to paradise". The abbreviation HEP would then stand for ''Hierosolyma est perdita'', "Jerusalem is lost" in [[Latin]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hobbes |first=Nicholas |title=Essential Militaria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UD5yXwnqxdgC&q=hip |year=2003 |publisher=Atlantic Books |isbn=978-1-84354-229-2}}</ref>