Editing Chengdu (section)

{{Short description|Capital of Sichuan, China}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Chengdu
| native_name        = 成都市
| native_name_lang   = zh
| other_name         = Chengtu
| settlement_type    = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] and [[sub-provincial city]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 285
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/1/2
| image1 = 雪山下的成都市天际线 Chengdu skyline with snow capped mountains.jpg
| caption1 = Chengdu skyline with [[Qionglai Mountains]]
| image2 = Sino-Ocean_Taikoo-Li.jpg
| caption2 = [[Sino-Ocean Taikoo Li Chengdu|Taikoo Li]]
| image3 = Tianfu_Financial_Center 2.jpg
| caption3 = Financial City
| image4 = 锦江夜景.jpg
| caption4 = Chengdu skyline overlooking the [[Jin River (Sichuan)|Jin River]]
| image5 = 成都大熊猫繁育研究基地 - panoramio (7).jpg
| caption5 = [[Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding]]
| image6 = Anshun Bridge Chengdu.jpg
| caption6 = [[Anshun Bridge]]
}}
| image_caption      = 
| image_seal         = 
| seal_size          = 
| image_shield       = 
| shield_size        = 
| image_blank_emblem = Chengdu City.png
| blank_emblem_type  = [[Golden Sun Bird|Emblem of the City of Chengdu]]
| nicknames          = {{nowrap|Hibiscus City}}, {{nowrap|Brocade City}}
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=7}}
| image_map1         = Sichuan subdivisions - Chengdu.svg
| mapsize1           = 
| map_caption1       = Location of Chengdu City jurisdiction in Sichuan
| pushpin_map        = Sichuan#China
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the city center in Sichuan
| coor_pinpoint      = [[:zh:天府广场|Tianfu Square]]
| coordinates        = {{Coord|30|39|36|N|104|03|48|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-51|display=it}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|China}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name1  = [[Sichuan]]
| subdivision_name2  = 
| established_title  = Established
| established_date   = 
| established_title1 = 
| established_date1  = 
| established_title2 = 
| established_date2  = 
| founder            = 
| named_for          = 
| seat_type          = Municipal seat
| seat               = [[Wuhou District]]
| parts_type         = Divisions<br />&nbsp;- [[Administrative divisions of China#County level (3rd)|County-level]]
| parts              = <br />12 [[District (China)|districts]], 5 [[County-level city|county-level cities]], 3 [[Counties of China|counties]]
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = [[Sub-provincial division|Sub-provincial city]]
| governing_body     = [[Chengdu Municipal People's Congress]]
| leader_title       = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
| leader_name        = [[Cao Lijun]]
| leader_title1      = [[Chengdu Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairman
| leader_name1       = [[Li Zhongbin]]
| leader_title2      = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name2       = [[Wang Fengchao]]
| leader_title3      = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3       = Zhang Shan
| total_type         = City
| unit_pref          = 
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 14378.18
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_metro_km2     = 4558.8
| area_urban_km2     = 3679.9
| area_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://tjj.sc.gov.cn/tjcbw/tjnj/2018/zk/indexch.htm |script-title=zh:四川统计年鉴——2018 |publisher=Sichuan Bureau of Statistics |language=zh-cn |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226071650/http://tjj.sc.gov.cn/tjcbw/tjnj/2018/zk/indexch.htm |archive-date=2019-12-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_blank1_title  = Downtown
| area_blank1_km2    = 465.88
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 500
| elevation_min_m    = 378
| population_total   = 20,937,757
| population_as_of   = 2020 census
| population_urban   = 16,492,980
| population_metro   = 16,045,577
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_blank1_title = Major [[List of ethnic groups in China|ethnic group]]
| population_blank1  = [[Han Chinese|Han]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/sichuan/admin/|title=China: Sìchuān (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map|access-date=14 January 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120182156/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/sichuan/admin/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{cite web|title=2022年GDP100强城市榜：江苏13市均超4000亿，10强有变化|url=https://yicai.com/news/101703850.html|publisher=yicai.com|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=31 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131014728/https://www.yicai.com/news/101703850.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = City
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 2.207 trillion<br />[[US$]] 325 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 103,500 <br />US$ 15,250
| postal_code_type   = [[List of postal codes in China|Postal code]]
| postal_code        = '''6100'''00–'''6119'''44
| area_code          = [[Telephone numbers in China|(0)28]]
| website            = {{URL|https://www.chengdu.gov.cn}}
| elevation_max_m    = 5364
| timezone           = [[Time in China|China Standard]]
| utc_offset         = +08:00
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-SC-01]]
| blank2_name        = [[Vehicle registration plates of China|License plate prefix]]
| blank2_info        = {{lang|zh-cn|川A}} and {{lang|zh-cn|川G}}
| blank3_name        = Tree
| blank3_info        = ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]''
| blank4_name        = Flower
| blank4_info        = ''[[Hibiscus mutabilis]]''
| blank5_name        = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2015)
| blank5_info        = 0.791<ref name="2013 report">{{cite web |url = http://www.cn.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/UNDP-CH-HD-Publication-NHDR_2013_EN_final.pdf |script-title = zh:《2013中国人类发展报告》 |year = 2015 |publisher = [[United Nations Development Programme]] China |language = zh |access-date = 2014-05-14  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131129015342/http://www.cn.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/UNDP-CH-HD-Publication-NHDR_2013_EN_final.pdf |archive-date = 29 November 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref> ([[List of administrative divisions of Greater China by Human Development Index|21st]]) – <span style="color:#090;">high</span>
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = File:Chengdu (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Chengdu" in Chinese characters
| l = Established Metropolis
| showflag = psic
| picsize = 120px
| c = {{linktext|lang=zh|成都}}
| p = Chéngdū
| gr = Cherngdu
| bpmf = ㄔㄥˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄉㄨ
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Zh-Chengdu.ogg|ch|eng|2|d|u|1}}
| sic = {{tone superscript|Cen2du1}}
| j = sing4 dou1
| y = Sìhngdōu
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|s|ing|4|d|ou|1}}
| lmz = {{tone superscript|Zen3-tu1}}
| suz = Zén-tou
| poj = Sêng-to͘
| psp = Chengtu
| w = {{tone superscript|Ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|eng2-tu1}}
| t = 
| s = 
| altname = 
| tp = Chéngdu
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Former name
| altname = Xījīng
| c2 = {{linktext|lang=zh|西京}}
| l2 = {{nowrap|Western Capital}}
| p2 = Xījīng
| gr2 = Shijing
| bpmf2 = ㄒㄧ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄐㄧㄥ
| w2 = {{tone superscript|Hsi1-ching1}}
| myr2 = Syījīng
| c = 
| t = 
| s = 
| p = 
| j = 
| mi = 
| ci = 
| tp2 = Sijing
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|x|i|1|.|j|ing|1}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Nicknames
| mi = 
| altname = City of Brocade
| t2 = {{linktext|錦城}}
| s2 = {{linktext|锦城}}
| p2 = Jǐnchéng
| tp2 = Jǐnchéng
| l2 = Brocade City
| w2 = {{tone superscript|Chin3-ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|eng2}}
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|j|in|3|.|ch|eng|2}}
| bpmf2 = ㄐㄧㄣˇ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄔㄥˊ
| gr2 = Jiincherng
| altname3 = City of Hibiscus
| gr3 = Rongcherng
| bpmf3 = ㄖㄨㄥˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄔㄥˊ
| w3 = {{tone superscript|Jung2-ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|eng2}}
| p3 = Róngchéng
| tp3 = Róngchéng
| l3 = Hibiscus City
| c3 = {{linktext|lang=zh|蓉城}}
| mi3 = {{IPAc-cmn|r|ong|2|.|ch|eng|2}}
}}

'''Chengdu'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en||t|ʃ|ɛ|ŋ|ˈ|d|uː}}; {{lang-zh|c=成都|p=Chéngdū}}; <small>[[Sichuanese dialects|Sichuanese]] pronunciation:</small> {{IPA|cmn-CN-CQ|tsʰən˨˩tu˥|}}, <small>[[Standard Chinese]] pronunciation:</small> {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Zh-Chengdu.ogg|ch|eng|2|.|d|u|1}}; [[Chinese postal romanization|previously]] [[Romanization of Chinese|romanized]] as '''Chengtu'''.}} is the [[capital city]] of the Chinese province of [[Sichuan]]. With a population of 20,937,757 at the [[2020 Chinese census|2020 census]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=China: Sìchuān (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/sichuan/admin/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.citypopulation.de |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120182156/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/sichuan/admin/ |url-status=live }}</ref> it is the fourth most populous city in [[China]], and it is the only city with a population of over 20 million apart from [[Direct-administered municipality|direct-administered municipalities]]. It is traditionally the hub of [[Western China]].

Chengdu is in central Sichuan. The surrounding [[Chengdu Plain]] is known as the "Country of Heaven"{{efn|{{lang-zh|s={{linktext|天|府|之|国}}|hp=Tiānfǔ zhi Guó|links=no}}}} and the "Land of Abundance". Its prehistoric settlers included the [[Sanxingdui]] culture. The site of [[Dujiangyan]], an ancient irrigation system, is designated as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=中国的世界遗产 |url=https://www.cctv.com/geography/shijieyichan/sanji/djiangya.html |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=cctv.com |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930060224/https://www.cctv.com/geography/shijieyichan/sanji/djiangya.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Jin River (Sichuan)|Jin River]] flows through the city. Chengdu's culture reflects that of its province, Sichuan; in 2011, it was recognized by [[UNESCO]] as a city of gastronomy.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2011 |title=Chengdu: UNESCO City of Gastronomy |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000192047 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217162213/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000192047 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=13 June 2019 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> It is associated with the [[giant panda]], a Chinese national symbol that inhabits the area of Sichuan; the city is home to the [[Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding]].

Founded by the [[Shu (kingdom)|Kingdom of Shu]] in the 4th century BC, Chengdu is unique as the only Chinese settlement that has maintained its name unchanged throughout the [[History of China#Imperial China|imperial]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|republican]], and [[History of the People's Republic of China|communist]] eras for more than two thousand years. It was the capital of [[Liu Bei]]'s [[Shu Han|Shu Han Empire]] during the [[Three Kingdoms]] Era, as well as several other local kingdoms during the Middle Ages.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chengdu|title=Chengdu {{!}} China|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415190750/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chengdu|archive-date=15 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> During [[World War II]], refugees from eastern China fleeing from the Japanese settled in Chengdu. After the war, Chengdu was briefly the capital of the [[Nationalist government|Nationalist republican government]] until it withdrew to [[Taipei]] on the island of [[Taiwan]]. Under the PRC, Chengdu's importance as a link between Eastern China and Western China expanded, with railways built to [[Chongqing]] in 1952, and [[Kunming]] and Tibet afterward.<ref name=":1" /> In the 1960s, Chengdu became an important defense industry hub.

Chengdu is now one of the most important economic, financial, commercial, cultural, transportation, research, and communication centers in China. Its economy is diverse, characterized by the [[Machine industry|machinery]], [[Automotive industry|automobile]], medicine, food, and [[information technology]] industries. Chengdu is a leading financial hub, ranking 35th globally on the 2021 [[Global Financial Centres Index]].<ref name="GFCI2">{{cite web |date=March 2021 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 29 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_29_Full_Report_2021.03.17_v1.1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322132130/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_29_Full_Report_2021.03.17_v1.1.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> Chengdu also hosts many international companies; more than 300 [[Fortune 500]] companies have established branches in Chengdu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chengdu thrives as international gateway hub |url=http://www.qbj.gov.cn/qbjq/c147737/2022-01/27/content_c5ed368b631d4d78bca03d778e7b2b73.shtml |website=qingbaijiang,chengdu,China }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Chengdu is the third Chinese city with two international airports after Beijing and Shanghai.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-27 |title=China opens new gateway to giant panda country in Chengdu |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/money-wealth/article/3138941/china-opens-new-gateway-giant-panda-country-chengdus-second |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233145/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/money-wealth/article/3138941/china-opens-new-gateway-giant-panda-country-chengdus-second |url-status=live|author=Guo Rui}}</ref> [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport]], and the newly built [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Tianfu International Airport]], a hub of [[Air China]] and [[Sichuan Airlines]], is one of the 30 [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|busiest airports]] in the world, and the [[Chengdu railway station]] is one of the six biggest in China. Chengdu is considered a "Beta + (global second-tier)" city classification (along with Barcelona and Washington, D.C.) according to the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|GaWC]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 November 2018 |title=The World According to GaWC 2016 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503165246/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=14 November 2018 |website=[[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] |publisher=[[Loughborough University]]}}</ref> As of 2023, the city also hosts 23 foreign consulates, the fourth most in China behind Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Games a financial winner for city |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202308/10/WS64d422eca31035260b81b3ee.html |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810043947/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202308/10/WS64d422eca31035260b81b3ee.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chengdu is the seat of the [[Western Theater Command]] region of the [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/program/snapshot-chinas-western-theater-command/|title=Snapshot: China's Western Theater Command|website=Jamestown|language=en-US|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330210610/https://jamestown.org/program/snapshot-chinas-western-theater-command/|archive-date=30 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, Chengdu became the third Chinese city to host the [[2021 Summer World University Games|31st FISU Summer World University Games]], after [[2001 Summer Universiade|Beijing 2001]] and [[2011 Summer Universiade|Shenzhen 2011]]. The city will also host the [[2025 World Games]]. It is considered one of the best cities in China to live in,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/04/if-we-have-to-leave-we-leave-the-downside-of-life-in-chinas-park-city|title=Inside Chengdu: can China's megacity version of the garden city work?|last=Kuo|first=Lily|date=4 February 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=13 June 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613034832/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/04/if-we-have-to-leave-we-leave-the-downside-of-life-in-chinas-park-city|archive-date=13 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2018/11/28/shanghai-tops-new-forbes-china-ranking-of-best-cities-for-living/|title=Shanghai Tops New Forbes China Ranking of Best Cities For Living|last=Flannery|first=Russell|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803133203/https://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2018/11/28/shanghai-tops-new-forbes-china-ranking-of-best-cities-for-living/|archive-date=3 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and also a [[national central city]] of China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=九大国家中心城市何以崛起--理论-人民网 |url=http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0130/c40531-30598044.html |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=theory.people.com.cn |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610193504/http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0130/c40531-30598044.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chengdu is one of the world's top 25 [[List of cities by scientific output|cities by scientific research output]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} Nature Index 2023 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.nature.com |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122050201/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is home to the greatest number of [[List of universities and colleges in Sichuan|universities and research institutes]] in Western China. Notably, these include: [[Sichuan University]], [[University of Electronic Science and Technology of China]], [[Southwestern University of Finance and Economics]], [[Southwest Jiaotong University]], [[Chengdu University of Technology]], [[Sichuan Normal University]], and [[Xihua University]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=2021-10-26|title=US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Chengdu|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=chengdu|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-30|website=U.S. News & World Report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030102511/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=chengdu |archive-date=30 October 2021 }}</ref>

{{anchor|Names|Etymology}}