Editing Chlamydia (section)

{{Short description|Sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis}}
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{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Chlamydia
| synonyms        = Chlamydia infection
| pronounce       = {{IPAc-en|k|l|ə|ˈ|m|ɪ|d|i|ə}}, {{respell|klə-MID-ee-yuh}}
| image           = Pap smear showing clamydia in the vacuoles 500x H&E.jpg
| caption         = [[Pap test|Pap smear]] showing ''C. trachomatis'' (H&E stain)
| field           = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[gynecology]], [[urology]]
| symptoms        = None, [[vaginal discharge]], discharge from the penis, [[burning with urination]]<ref name=CDCFact2016/>
| complications   = [[epididymitis|Pain in the testicles]], [[pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[infertility]], [[ectopic pregnancy]]<ref name=CDCFact2016/><ref name=CDC2015/>
| onset           = Few weeks following exposure<ref name=CDCFact2016/>
| duration        =
| causes          = ''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'' spread by sexual intercourse or childbirth<ref name=CDCStats2015/>
| risks           =
| diagnosis       = Urine or swab of the cervix, vagina, or [[urethra]]<ref name=CDC2015/>
| differential    =
| prevention      = Not having sex, [[condom]]s, sex with only one non–infected person<ref name=CDCFact2016/>
| treatment       = [[Antibiotic]]s ([[azithromycin]] or [[doxycycline]])<ref name=CDC2015/>
| medication      =
| prognosis       =
| frequency       = 4.2% (women), 2.7% (men)<ref name=New2015/><ref name=WHO2015Fact/>
| deaths          = ~200 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>
}}

'''Chlamydia''', or more specifically a '''chlamydia infection''', is a [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infection]] caused by the bacterium ''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]''.<ref name=CDCStats2015/> Most people who are infected have no symptoms.<ref name=CDCFact2016/> When symptoms do appear, they may occur only several weeks after infection;<ref name=CDCFact2016/> the [[incubation period]] between exposure and being able to infect others is thought to be on the order of two to six weeks.<ref>{{cite book|title=Krasner's Microbial Challenge|date=2018|page=366| vauthors = Shors T }}</ref>  Symptoms in women may include [[vaginal discharge]] or [[burning with urination]].<ref name=CDCFact2016/> Symptoms in men may include discharge from the penis, burning with urination, or [[epididymitis|pain and swelling of one or both testicles]].<ref name=CDCFact2016/> The infection can spread to the upper genital tract in women, causing [[pelvic inflammatory disease]], which may result in future [[infertility]] or [[ectopic pregnancy]].<ref name="CDC2015">{{cite web |title=2015 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/chlamydia.htm |publisher=CDC |access-date=10 June 2016|date=June 4, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611072758/http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/chlamydia.htm|archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>

Chlamydia infections can occur in other areas besides the genitals, including the anus, eyes, throat, and lymph nodes. Repeated chlamydia infections of the eyes that go without treatment can result in [[trachoma]], a common cause of blindness in the [[developing world]].<ref name="CDC2009Eye">{{cite web | title = CDC – Trachoma, Hygiene-related Diseases, Healthy Water | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  | url = https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/disease/trachoma.html | access-date = 2015-07-24 | date = December 28, 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905105656/http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/disease/trachoma.html | archive-date = September 5, 2015 }}</ref>

Chlamydia can be spread during [[vaginal intercourse|vaginal]], [[anal sex|anal]], [[oral sex|oral]], or [[Non-penetrative sex#Manual sex|manual sex]] and can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth.<ref name="CDCFact2016">{{cite web |title=Chlamydia – CDC Fact Sheet |url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/stdfact-chlamydia.htm |publisher=CDC |access-date=10 June 2016|date=May 19, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611024217/http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/stdfact-chlamydia.htm|archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1 = Hoyle | first1 = Alice | last2 = McGeeney | first2 = Ester |title=Great Relationships and Sex Education|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2019|access-date=July 11, 2023|isbn=978-1-35118-825-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KE7ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT261}}</ref> The eye infections may also be spread by personal contact, flies, and contaminated towels in areas with poor sanitation.<ref name=CDC2009Eye/> Infection by the bacterium ''Chlamydia trachomatis'' only occurs in humans.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Graeter L |title=Elsevier's Medical Laboratory Science Examination Review|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323292412|page=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc9sBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910235426/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc9sBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> Diagnosis is often by [[screening test|screening]], which is recommended yearly in sexually active women under the age of 25, others at higher risk, and at the first [[prenatal visit]].<ref name=CDCFact2016/><ref name=CDC2015/> Testing can be done on the urine or a swab of the cervix, vagina, or [[urethra]].<ref name=CDC2015/> Rectal or mouth swabs are required to diagnose infections in those areas.<ref name=CDC2015/>

Prevention is by [[Sexual abstinence|not having sex]], the use of [[condom]]s, or having sex with only one other person, who is not infected.<ref name=CDCFact2016/> Chlamydia can be cured by [[antibiotic]]s, with typically either [[azithromycin]] or [[doxycycline]] being used.<ref name=CDC2015/> [[Erythromycin]] or azithromycin is recommended in babies and during pregnancy.<ref name=CDC2015/> Sexual partners should also be treated, and infected people should be advised not to have sex for seven days and until symptom free.<ref name=CDC2015/> [[Gonorrhea]], [[syphilis]], and [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]] should be tested for in those who have been infected.<ref name=CDC2015/> Following treatment, people should be tested again after three months.<ref name=CDC2015/>

Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, affecting about 4.2% of women and 2.7% of men worldwide.<ref name="New2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N, Stevens G, Gottlieb S, Kiarie J, Temmerman M | title = Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = e0143304 | date = 8 December 2015 | pmid = 26646541 | pmc = 4672879 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0143304 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1043304N }}</ref><ref name="WHO2015Fact">{{cite web|title=Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Fact sheet N°110|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/|website=who.int|access-date=10 June 2016|date=December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125133056/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/|archive-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> In 2015, about 61 million new cases occurred globally.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 | vauthors =  Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coggeshall M, Cornaby L, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Dilegge T, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Johnson CO, Kassebaum NJ, Kawashima T, Kemmer L, etal }}</ref> In the United States, about 1.4 million cases were reported in 2014.<ref name="CDCStats2015">{{cite web|title=2014 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Surveillance Chlamydia|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/chlamydia.htm|access-date=10 June 2016|date=November 17, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610151338/http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/chlamydia.htm|archive-date=10 June 2016}}</ref> Infections are most common among those between the ages of 15 and 25 and are more common in women than men.<ref name=CDC2015/><ref name=CDCStats2015/> In 2015, infections resulted in about 200 deaths.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coates MM, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Foreman K, Forouzanfar MH, Fraser MS, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Huynh C, Johnson CO, Kassebaum NJ, Kinfu Y, Kulikoff XR, etal }}</ref> The word ''chlamydia'' is from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{Lang|grc|χλαμύδα}}, meaning 'cloak'.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Stevenson A |title=Oxford dictionary of English.|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=9780199571123|page=306|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA306|access-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910235426/https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA306|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Byrne GI | title = Chlamydia uncloaked | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 14 | pages = 8040–8042 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12835422 | pmc = 166176 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1533181100 | bibcode = 2003PNAS..100.8040B | quote = The term was coined based on the incorrect conclusion that Chlamydia are intracellular protozoan pathogens that appear to cloak the nucleus of infected cells. | doi-access = free }}</ref>
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