Editing Cilice (section)

{{Short description|Coarse garment important to Christianity}}
{{hatnote group|
{{About|a garment|the material itself|Sackcloth}}
{{Distinguish|Chalice}} }}
{{Infobox clothing type
| name          = Cilice
| image_file    = Christian_Hairshirt.jpg
| image_size    = 
| caption       = A hairshirt belonging to a Christian, with a set of [[Anglican prayer beads|prayer beads]] hanging off a belt loop used to hold the [[girdle]] that tightens the garment around the waist
| type          = [[Undergarment]]
| material      = Coarse cloth or animal hair
| location      = [[Cilicia]] 
| introduced    = [[Post-Exilic period]]
}}

[[File:Maria-Magdalena-Valladolid.jpg|thumb|[[Mary Magdalene]] in cilice. Polychrome wood carving by [[Pedro de Mena]], Church of San Miguel and San Julian, [[Valladolid]]]]
A '''cilice''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|l|ᵻ|s}}, also known as a '''sackcloth''',<ref name="Jeffrey1992">{{cite book|last=Jeffrey|first=David L.|title=A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature|year=1992|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|language=en|isbn=9780802836342|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbibl0000unse/page/673 673]|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbibl0000unse/page/673}}</ref> was originally a [[garment]] or [[undergarment]] made of coarse cloth or animal hair (a '''hairshirt''') worn close to the skin. It is used by members of various Christian traditions (including the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]],<ref name="StravinskasShaw1998">{{cite book|last1=Stravinskas|first1=Peter M. J.|last2=Shaw|first2=Russell B.|title=Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia|year=1998|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing|language=en|isbn=9780879736699|page=483}}</ref>  [[Lutheran church|Lutheran]],<ref name="Neve1914">{{cite book|last=Neve|first=Juergen Ludwig|title=The Augsburg Confession: A Brief Review of Its History and an Interpretation of Its Doctrinal Articles, with Introductory Discussions on Confessional Questions|url=https://archive.org/details/augsburgconfessi00neve|year=1914|publisher=Lutheran Publication Society|page=[https://archive.org/details/augsburgconfessi00neve/page/150 150]}}</ref> [[Anglican Church|Anglican]],<ref name="KnightMason2006">{{cite book|last1=Knight|first1=Mark|last2=Mason|first2=Emma|title=Nineteenth-Century Religion and Literature: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/nineteenthcentur00knig|url-access=limited|date=16 November 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en |isbn=9780191535017|page=[https://archive.org/details/nineteenthcentur00knig/page/n104 96]|quote=[[Edward Bouverie Pusey|Pusey]] regularly endured a hair shirt as well as self- imposed flagellation and fasting routines.}}</ref> [[Methodist]],<ref name="Bergen2011">{{cite book|last=Bergen|first=Jeremy M.|title=Ecclesial Repentance: The Churches Confront Their Sinful Pasts|date=31 March 2011|publisher=A&C Black|language=en|isbn=9780567523686|page=255|quote=In fact, it was scandal of disunity within Methodism that led UMC leaders to address the issue of racism as the underlying cause. ... The petition for forgiveness proceeded on two distinct but interrelated levels. Each of the approximately 3,000 persons in the assemble was called to silent personal confession of the sin of racism before God, publicly symbolized by receiving ... sackcloth ... and the imposition of ashes.}}</ref> and [[Scottish Presbyterian]] churches)<ref name="Yates2014">{{cite book|last=Yates|first=Nigel|title=Eighteenth Century Britain: Religion and Politics 1714-1815|date=11 June 2014|publisher=Routledge|language=en|isbn=9781317866480|page=87|quote=The Evangelical revival in Scotland encouraged both much stricter conditions being placed on admission to Holy Communion and the maintenance of traditional discipline within the established church. ... Lesser transgressors could be ordered by the kirk session to stand before the congregation for up to three Sundays, sometimes wearing sackcloth, and publicly acknowledge their sins before 'being subjected to a "rant" from the minister'.}}</ref> as a self-imposed [[means of grace|means]] of [[Repentance (Christianity)|repentance]] and [[mortification of the flesh]]; as an [[instrument of penance]], it is often worn during the Christian [[penance|penitential]] season of [[Lent]], especially on [[Ash Wednesday]], [[Good Friday]], and other Fridays of the Lenten season.<ref name="BeaulieuChartres2013">{{cite book|last1=Beaulieu|first1=Geoffrey of|last2=Chartres|first2=William of|title=The Sanctity of Louis IX: Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres|date=29 November 2013|publisher=Cornell University Press|language=en |isbn=9780801469145|page=89}}</ref>

Hairshirt cilices were originally made from coarse animal hair, as an imitation of the garment worn by [[John the Baptist]] that was made of camel hair,<ref name="Brewer">{{cite book |last1=Brewer |first1=Ebenezer Cobham |title=A Dictionary of Miracles: Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic |date=1884 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |page=56 |language=English}}</ref> or [[sackcloth]] which, throughout the [[Bible]], was worn by people repenting.<ref>{{cite book |title=CSB Study Bible |date=15 June 2017 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4336-4811-3 |page=1404 |language=English |quote=Sackcloth was worn during times of mourning and repentance, usually while sitting atop ashes (Gn 37:34; 1Kg 21:27; Mt 11:21).}}</ref> Cilices were designed to irritate the skin; other features were added to make cilices more uncomfortable, such as thin wires or twigs. In modern Christian religious circles, cilices are simply any device worn for the same purposes, often taking the form of a '''hairshirt cilice''' as well as a (spiked metal) '''chain cilice'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morrow |first1=Jeffrey L. |title=Liturgy and Sacrament, Mystagogy and Martyrdom: Essays in Theological Exegesis |date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-5326-9382-3 |language=English}}</ref>