Editing Clash of Civilizations (section)

{{Short description|Theory of cultural conflict by Samuel P. Huntington}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title    = no
| name            = The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order 
| image           = clash civilizations.jpg
| author          = [[Samuel P. Huntington]]
| cover_artist    =
| country         = United States
| language        = English
| series          =
| subject         =
| publisher       = [[Simon & Schuster]]
| pub_date        = 1996
| media_type      =
| pages           =
| isbn            = 978-0-684-84441-1
}}
The "'''Clash of Civilizations'''" is a thesis that people's [[cultural identity|cultural]] and [[Religious identity|religious]] [[Identity (social science)|identities]] will be the primary source of conflict in the post–[[Cold War]] world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|date=1993|title=The Clash of Civilizations?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20045621|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=72|issue=3|pages=22–49|doi=10.2307/20045621|jstor=20045621|issn=0015-7120|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://gbse.com.my/v4no10JANUARY2018/Paper-147-i-.pdf|title=gbse.com.my|website=gbse.com.my|accessdate=9 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Emily|first=Stacey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RuREEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|title=Contemporary Politics and Social Movements in an Isolated World: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities|date=2021-10-29|publisher=IGI Global|isbn=978-1-7998-7616-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Eriksen|first1=Thomas Hylland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiQfAwAAQBAJ&q=The+Clash+of+Civilizations+is+a+thesis+that+people%27s+cultural+and+religious+identities+will+be+the+primary+source+of+conflict+in+the+post%E2%80%93Cold+War+world.&pg=PA87|title=Anthropology Now and Next: Essays in Honor of Ulf Hannerz|last2=Garsten|first2=Christina|last3=Randeria|first3=Shalini|date=2014-10-01|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78238-450-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Krieger|first=Douglas W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OE5VCAAAQBAJ&q=The+Clash+of+Civilizations+is+a+thesis+that+people%27s+cultural+and+religious+identities+will+be+the+primary+source+of+conflict+in+the+post%E2%80%93Cold+War+world.&pg=PT397|title=The Two Witnesses|date=2014-11-22|publisher=Lulu Press, Inc|isbn=978-1-312-67075-4|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The American political scientist [[Samuel P. Huntington]] argued that future wars would be fought not between countries, but between cultures.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Haynes|first=Jeffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aoeEAAAQBAJ&q=The+Clash+of+Civilizations+is+a+thesis+that+people%27s+cultural+and+religious+identities+will+be+the+primary+source+of+conflict+in+the+post%E2%80%93Cold+War+world.&pg=PT117|title=A Quarter Century of the "Clash of Civilizations"|date=2021-05-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-38383-6|language=en}}</ref> It was proposed in a 1992 lecture at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], which was then developed in a 1993 ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' article titled "'''The Clash of Civilizations?'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->",<ref name="FAarticle">Official copy (free preview): [https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1993-06-01/clash-civilizations The Clash of Civilizations?], ''Foreign Affairs'', Summer 1993</ref> in response to his former student [[Francis Fukuyama]]'s 1992 book ''[[The End of History and the Last Man]]''. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book '''''The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order'''''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/clashofcivilizations.htm| title = WashingtonPost.com: The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

The phrase itself was earlier used by [[Albert Camus]] in 1946,<ref>{{blockquote|le problème russo-américain, et là nous revenons à l'Algérie, va être dépassé lui-même avant très peu, cela ne sera pas un choc d'empires nous assistons au choc de civilisations et nous voyons dans le monde entier les civilisations colonisées surgir peu à peu et se dresser contre les civilisations colonisatrices.}} {{cite web| url = http://www.ina.fr/audio/PHD85011203| title = Page non trouvée {{!}} INA| access-date = 2015-07-14| archive-date = 2015-09-24| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051854/http://www.ina.fr/audio/PHD85011203| url-status = dead}}</ref> by [[Girilal Jain]] in his analysis of the [[Ayodhya dispute]] in 1988,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/20079544|title=&quot;Some recollections from my acquaintance with Sita Ram Goel&quot;, ch.6 of K. Elst, ed.: India's Only Communalist, In Commemoration of Sita Ram Goel|first=Koenraad|last=Elst|accessdate=Oct 23, 2022|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref><ref>Elst, K. India's Only Communalist: an Introduction to the Work of Sita Ram Goel, in Sharma, A. (2001). Hinduism and secularism: After Ayodhya. Basingstoke: Palgrave.</ref> by [[Bernard Lewis]] in an article in the September 1990 issue of ''[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]]'' titled "The Roots of Muslim Rage"<ref>Bernard Lewis: [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1990/09/the-roots-of-muslim-rage/4643/ The Roots of Muslim Rage] ''The Atlantic Monthly'', September 1990</ref> and by [[Mahdi Elmandjra|Mahdi El Mandjra]] in his book "La première guerre civilisationnelle" published in 1992.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhVIAAAAMAAJ|title=Première guerre civilisationnelle|last=Elmandjra|first=Mahdi|date=1992|publisher=Toubkal|language=fr}}</ref><ref>Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations (1996), p. 246: " 'La premiere guerre civilisationnelle' the distinguished Moroccan scholar Mahdi Elmandjra called the Gulf War as it was being fought."</ref> Even earlier, the phrase appears in a 1926 book regarding the Middle East by [[Basil Mathews]]: ''Young Islam on Trek: A Study in the Clash of Civilizations''. This expression derives from "clash of cultures", already used during the colonial period and the [[Belle Époque]].<ref>Louis Massignon, ''La psychologie musulmane'' (1931), in Idem, ''Ecrits mémorables'', t. I, Paris, Robert Laffont, 2009, p. 629: "Après la venue de Bonaparte au Caire, le ''clash of cultures'' entre l'ancienne Chrétienté et l'Islam prit un nouvel aspect, par invasion (sans échange) de l'échelle de valeurs occidentales dans la mentalité collective musulmane."</ref>

Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post–Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that [[human rights]], [[liberal democracy]], and the capitalist [[free market economy]] had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically, [[Francis Fukuyama]] argued that the world had reached the '[[end of history]]' in a [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegelian]] sense.

Huntington believed that while the age of [[ideology]] had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/mehbaliyev/rashad-mehbaliyev-civilizations-their-nature-and-clash-possibilities|title=Civilizations, their nature and clash possibilities (c) Rashad Mehbal...|last=mehbaliyev|date=30 October 2010}}</ref> As an extension, he posits that the concept of different [[civilization]]s, as the highest category of [[cultural identity]], will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict. At the end of his 1993 ''Foreign Affairs'' article, "The Clash of Civilizations?", Huntington writes, "This is not to advocate the desirability of conflicts between civilizations. It is to set forth descriptive hypothesis as to what the future may be like."<ref name="FAarticle"/>

In addition, the clash of civilizations, for Huntington, represents a development of history. In the past, world history was mainly about the struggles between monarchs, nations and ideologies, such as that seen within [[Western culture|Western civilization]]. However, after the end of the [[Cold War]], world politics moved into a new phase, in which non-Western civilizations are no longer the exploited recipients of Western civilization but have become additional important actors joining the West to shape and move world history.<ref>Murden S. Cultures in world affairs. In: Baylis J, Smith S, Owens P, editors. The Globalization of World Politics. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011. p. 416-426.</ref>