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Classical Armenian
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{{Short description|Oldest attested form of the Armenian language}} {{redirect|Grabar}} {{Infobox language | name = Classical Armenian | altname = Old Armenian | nativename = {{lang|hy|գրաբար}} | region = [[Armenian Highlands]] | era = developed into [[Middle Armenian]] | familycolor = Indo-European | ancestor = [[Proto-Armenian language|Proto-Armenian]] | script = [[Armenian alphabet]] ([[Classical Armenian orthography]]) | iso3 = xcl | glotto = clas1249 | glottorefname = Classical-Middle Armenian | linglist = xcl | lingua = 57-AAA-aa | notice = IPA }} {{History of the Armenian language}} '''Classical Armenian''' ({{Langx|hy|գրաբար|translit=grabar}}, {{IPA|hy|ɡəɾɑˈpʰɑɾ|label=[[Eastern Armenian]] pronunciation|small=no}}, {{IPA|hy|kʰəɾɑˈpʰɑɾ||label=[[Western Armenian]] pronunciation|small=no}}; meaning "literary [language]"; also '''Old Armenian''' or '''Liturgical Armenian''') is the oldest attested form of the [[Armenian language]]. It was first written down at the beginning of the 5th century, and most Armenian literature from then through the 18th century is in Classical Armenian. Many ancient manuscripts originally written in [[Ancient Greek]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and [[Latin]] survive only in Armenian translation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenian Language Program {{!}} Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations |url=https://nelc.uchicago.edu/language-study/armenian-language-program#:~:text=Many%20ancient%20manuscripts%20originally%20written,separated%20by%20geography%20or%20politics. |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=nelc.uchicago.edu}}</ref> Classical Armenian itself, in turn, was heavily influenced by the [[Iranian languages]], in particular by [[Parthian language|Parthian]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Robin Meyer |title=Iranian Syntax in Classical Armenian: The Armenian Perfect and Other Cases of Pattern Replication |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/55800 |isbn=9780191885839 |year=2024 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> Classical Armenian continues to be the [[liturgical language]] of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] and the [[Armenian Catholic Church]] and is often learned by [[Bible|Biblical]], [[Intertestamental period|Intertestamental]], and [[Patristics|Patristic]] scholars dedicated to textual studies. Classical Armenian is also important for the reconstruction of the [[Proto-Indo-European language]].
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