Editing Cloacal exstrophy (section)

{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| synonyms      = [[Omphalocele]]-cloacal exstrophy-[[imperforate anus]]-spinal defect syndrome
| name          = Cloacal exstrophy
| image         = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| field         = 
| symptoms      = 
| complications = Limb deformities, open neural tube defects<ref>Ben‐Neriah, Z.; Withers, S.; Thomas, M.; Toi, A.; Chong, K.; Pai, A.; Velscher, L.; Vero, S.; Keating, S.; Taylor, G; and Chitayat, D. (2007)." OEIS complex: prenatal ultrasound and autopsy findings". ''Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol'', 29: 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.3874 </ref>
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| types         = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = Surgical intervention
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
'''Cloacal exstrophy''' ('''CE''') is a severe [[birth defect]] wherein much of the abdominal organs (the [[urinary bladder|bladder]] and [[intestines]]) are exposed. It often causes the splitting of the bladder, [[genitalia]], and the [[anus]]. It is sometimes called '''OEIS complex'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://omim.org/entry/258040|title=OMIM Entry - 258040 - OEIS COMPLEX|website=omim.org|language=en-us|access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref>

Diagnostic tests can include ultrasound, [[Voiding cystourethrography|voiding cystourethrogram]] (VCUG), [[intravenous pyelogram]] (IVP), nuclear renogram, computerized axial tomography ([[CT scan]]), and [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meddean.luc.edu/Lumen/MedEd/urology/guimaghm.htm|title=G/U Imaging:Home|website=www.meddean.luc.edu|access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref> Cloacal exstrophy is a rare birth defect, present in 1/200,000 pregnancies and 1/400,000 live births. It is associated with a defect of the [[ventral]] body wall and can be caused by inhibited [[mesoderm]]al migration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Hassan|first1=Moaied A. |date=May 2018|title=OEIS complex with a vesico-enteric fistula |journal=Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports |volume= 35|pages= 45–47|doi= 10.1016/j.epsc.2018.05.016|doi-access= free}}</ref> The defect can often be comorbid with [[spinal bifida]] and kidney abnormalities.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/4080/omphalocele-exstrophy-of-the-cloaca-imperforate-anus-and-spinal-defects-complex|title= Omphalocele, exstrophy of the cloaca, imperforate anus, and spinal defects complex|author= <!--Not stated-->|website= Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center|publisher= US Department of Health & Human Services|quote= There is a high association with other birth defects, especially spina bifida, which occurs in up to 75% of cases. Omphalocele, a defect of the abdominal wall in the region of the umbilicus, is also common, as are kidney abnormalities.|access-date= 2021-01-14|archive-date= 2021-01-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210116123424/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/4080/omphalocele-exstrophy-of-the-cloaca-imperforate-anus-and-spinal-defects-complex|url-status= dead}}</ref> Many individuals who are born with [[XY sex-determination system|XY]] cloacal exstrophy are [[assigned female at birth]] due to the appearance of the external genitalia.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/JPEM.2004.17.3.273/html|title=Communicating with Parents with Full Disclosure: A Case of Cloacal Extrophy with Genital Ambiguity|date=March 1, 2004|journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=17|issue=3|pages=273–280|via=www.degruyter.com|doi=10.1515/JPEM.2004.17.3.273 |last1=Myers |first1=C. |last2=Lee |first2=P.A. |pmid=15112903 |s2cid=23729036 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''Progress and Politics in the intersex rights movement, Feminist theory in action''|url=http://www.aisia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Dreger__Herndon_2009.pdf|author1=Alice D. Dreger |author2=April M. Herndon }}</ref> Performing genital [[Intersex medical interventions|surgery on intersex infants]] for cosmetic purposes is considered a human rights violation by the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carpenter|first=Morgan|date=December 2018|title=Intersex Variations, Human Rights, and the International Classification of Diseases|journal=Health and Human Rights|volume=20|issue=2|pages=205–214|pmid=30568414|pmc=6293350}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Greenberg|first=Julie A.|date=June 2017|title=Legal, ethical, and human rights considerations for physicians treating children with atypical or ambiguous genitalia|journal=Seminars in Perinatology|volume=41|issue=4|pages=252–255|doi=10.1053/j.semperi.2017.03.012|pmid=28478089}}</ref>