Editing Cognitive map (section)

{{Short description|Mental representation of information}}
{{Distinguish|Mind map|Mental map|Mental model}}
{{InfoMaps}}
A '''cognitive map''' is a type of [[mental representation]] used by an individual to order their personal store of  information about their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment, and the relationship of its component parts. The concept was introduced by [[Edward C. Tolman|Edward Tolman]] in 1948.<ref name="pmid18870876">{{cite journal |last=Tolman |first=Edward C. |author-link=Edward C. Tolman |date=July 1948 |title=Cognitive maps in rats and men |journal=[[Psychological Review]] |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=189–208 |doi=10.1037/h0061626 |pmid=18870876|s2cid=42496633 }}</ref> He tried to explain the behavior of rats that appeared to learn the spatial layout of a maze, and subsequently the concept was applied to other animals, including humans.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Cognitive maps |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the City |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon; New York |last=Ungar |first=Simon |date=2005 |editor-last=Caves |editor-first=Roger W. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xrD1iuM_2LgC&pg=PA79 79] |doi=10.4324/9780203484234 |isbn=9780415252256 |oclc=55948158}}</ref> The term was later generalized by some researchers, especially in the field of [[operations research]], to refer to a kind of [[semantic network]] representing an individual's personal knowledge or [[Schema (psychology)|schemas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Eden |first=Colin |date=July 1988 |title=Cognitive mapping |journal=[[European Journal of Operational Research]] |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/0377-2217(88)90002-1 |quote=In the practical setting of work in with a team of busy managers cognitive mapping is a tool for building interest from all team members in the problem solving activity. [...] The cycle of ''problem construction'', ''making sense'', ''defining the problem'', and declaring a ''portfolio of solutions'', which I have discussed elsewhere (Eden, 1982) is the framework that guides the process of working with teams. Thus building and working with the cognitive maps of each individual is primarily aimed at helping each team member reflectively 'construct' and 'make sense' of the situation they believe the team is facing. (pp. 7–8)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fiol |first1=C. Marlene |last2=Huff |first2=Anne Sigismund |date=May 1992 |title=Maps for managers: Where are we? Where do we go from here? |url=http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/5744/1/Maps%20for%20managers.%20%20where%20do%20we%20go%20from%20here.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Management Studies]] |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=267–285 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00665.x |quote=For geographers, a map is a means of depicting the world so that people understand where they are and where they can go. For cognitive researchers, who often use the idea of a 'map' as an analogy, the basic idea is the same. Cognitive maps are graphic representations that locate people in relation to their information environments. Maps provide a frame of reference for what is known and believed. They highlight some information and fail to include other information, either because it is deemed less important, or because it is not known. (p. 267)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ambrosini |first1=Véronique |title=Mapping strategic knowledge |last2=Bowman |first2=Cliff |date=2002 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=0761969497 |editor1-last=Huff |editor1-first=Anne Sigismund |location=London; Thousand Oaks, CA |pages=19–45 |chapter=Mapping successful organizational routines |oclc=47900801 |quote=We shall not explain here what cognitive maps are about as this has been done extensively elsewhere (Huff, 1990). Let us just say that cognitive maps are the representation of an individual's personal knowledge, of an individual's own experience (Weick and Bougon, 1986), and they are ways of representing individuals' views of reality (Eden et al., 1981). There are various types of cognitive maps (Huff, 1990). |editor2-last=Jenkins |editor2-first=Mark |quote-pages=[//books.google.com/books?id=LE95fcRz_IcC&pg=PA21 21–22]}}</ref>