Editing Colonialism (section)

{{Short description|Control by foreign groups}}
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{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
[[File:De handelsloge van de VOC in Hougly in Bengalen Rijksmuseum SK-A-4282.jpeg|thumb|A 1665 illustration of a [[Dutch East India Company]] [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Hugli-Chuchura]], depicting various elements of colonialism, including its hierarchies and impact on the colonized and their lands.]]

'''Colonialism''' is the control of another territory, natural resources and people by a foreign group.<ref name="Oster" /><ref name="Webster" /><ref name="Collins" /><ref name="Stanford" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rodney|first=Walter|title=How Europe underdeveloped Africa|year=2018|publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78873-119-5|oclc=1048081465}}</ref> Colonizers control the political and tribal power of the colonised territory.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> While frequently an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] project, colonialism can also take the form of [[settler colonialism]], whereby settlers from one or multiple colonizing metropoles occupy a territory with the intention of partially or completely supplanting the existing population.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Veracini |first=Lorenzo |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003050599 |title=Colonialism: A Global History |date=2022-07-15 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-05059-9 |edition=1st |location=London |pages= |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003050599}}</ref>{{Rp|page=2}}<ref name="Jacobs 2009 p.">{{cite book | last=Jacobs | first=Margaret D. | title=White Mother to a Dark Race | publisher=U of Nebraska Press | publication-place=Lincoln | date=1 July 2009 | isbn=978-0-8032-1100-1 | oclc=268789976 | pages=24, 81, 421, 430}}</ref>

Colonialism developed as a concept describing European [[colonial empire]]s of the [[modern era]], which spread globally from the 15th century to the mid-20th century, spanning 35% of Earth's land by 1800 and peaking at 84% by the beginning of World War I.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=73zeBgAAQBAJ |title= Why Did Europe Conquer the World? |last= Philip T. Hoffman |date= 2015 |publisher= Princeton University Press |isbn= 978-1-4008-6584-0 |pages= 2–3}}</ref> European colonialism employed [[mercantilism]] and [[Chartered company|chartered companies]], and established [[Coloniality of power|coloniality]], which keeps the colonized socio-economically [[Other (philosophy)|othered]] and [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] through modern [[biopolitics]] of [[Heteronormativity|sexuality]], [[Patriarchy|gender]], [[Racism|race]], [[Ableism|disability]] and [[Class politics|class]], among others, resulting in [[Intersectionality|intersectional]] violence and [[discrimination]].<ref name="Stoler 1995 p.">{{cite book | last=Stoler | first=Ann Laura | title=Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things | publisher=Duke University Press | date=4 October 1995 | isbn=978-0-8223-7771-9 | doi=10.2307/j.ctv11319d6 | page=}}</ref><ref name="Abay Soldatic d999">{{cite web | last1=Abay | first1=Robel Afeworki | last2=Soldatic | first2=Karen | title=Intersectional Colonialities: Embodied Colonial Violence and Practices of Resistance at the Axis of Disability, Race, Indigeneity, Class, and Gender | website=Routledge & CRC Press | url=https://www.routledge.com/Intersectional-Colonialities-Embodied-Colonial-Violence-and-Practices-of-Resistance-at-the-Axis-of-Disability-Race-Indigeneity-Class-and-Gender/AfeworkiAbay-Soldatic/p/book/9781032247748 | access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> Colonialism has been justified with beliefs of having a [[civilizing mission]] to cultivate land and life, based on beliefs of entitlement and superiority, historically often rooted in the belief of a [[Christian mission]].

{{Colonialism sidebar}}

Because of this broad impact different instances of colonialism have been identified from around the world and in history, starting with when [[colonization]] was developed by developing [[colonies]] and [[metropole]]s, the base colonial separation and characteristic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=McNamee |first=Lachlan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-x8EAAAQBAJ |title=Settling for Less: Why States Colonize and Why They Stop |date=2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-23781-7 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Decolonization]], which started in the 18th century, gradually led to the independence of colonies in waves, with a particular large wave of decolonizations happening in the [[aftermath of World War II]] between 1945 and 1975.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Strang |first=David |date=1991 |title=Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500–1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600949 |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=429–454 |doi=10.2307/2600949 |jstor=2600949 |issn=0020-8833|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Strang |first=David |date=1990 |title=From Dependency to Sovereignty: An Event History Analysis of Decolonization 1870-1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095750 |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=846–860 |doi=10.2307/2095750 |jstor=2095750 |issn=0003-1224|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Colonialism has a [[Persistence studies|persistent impact]] on a wide range of modern outcomes, as scholars have shown that variations in colonial institutions can account for variations in [[economic development]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Johnson |first2=Simon |last3=Robinson |first3=James A. |date=2001 |title=The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.91.5.1369 |journal=American Economic Review |language=en |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=1369–1401 |doi=10.1257/aer.91.5.1369 |issn=0002-8282|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nunn |first=Nathan |date=2009 |title=The Importance of History for Economic Development |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.143336 |journal=Annual Review of Economics |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=65–92 |doi=10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.143336 |issn=1941-1383}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nunn |first=Nathan |date=2020 |title=The historical roots of economic development |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaz9986 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6485 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz9986 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=32217703|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Government|regime types]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Alexander |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/colonial-origins-of-democracy-and-dictatorship/809A38273620DB49903539950F4D0191 |title=Colonial Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship |last2=Paine |first2=Jack |date=2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-42353-3 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781009423526}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gerring |first1=John |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/deep-roots-of-modern-democracy/6AA764716C8F6BC7FF8A64F6CA2DA565 |title=The Deep Roots of Modern Democracy: Geography and the Diffusion of Political Institutions |last2=Apfeld |first2=Brendan |last3=Wig |first3=Tore |last4=Tollefsen |first4=Andreas Forø |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-10037-3 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781009115223}}</ref> and [[state capacity]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herbst |first=Jeffrey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh05m |title=States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control - Second Edition |date=2000 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-16414-4 |edition=REV - Revised, 2 |volume=149|jstor=j.ctt9qh05m }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Merima |last2=Fjeldstad |first2=Odd-Helge |last3=Jiang |first3=Boqian |last4=Shifa |first4=Abdulaziz B |date=2018 |title=Colonial Legacy, State-building and the Salience of Ethnicity in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12595 |journal=The Economic Journal |volume=129 |issue=619 |pages=1048–1081 |doi=10.1111/ecoj.12595 |issn=0013-0133|hdl=2263/71163 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Some academics have used the term [[neocolonialism]] to describe the continuation or imposition of elements of colonial rule through indirect means in the contemporary period.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Stanard |first=Matthew G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlNDwAAQBAJ |title=European Overseas Empire, 1879 – 1999: A Short History |date=2018 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-119-13013-0 |page=5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Neocolonialism &#124; Definition, Examples, & Facts &#124; Britannica |entry=Neocolonialism |encyclopedia=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/neocolonialism |last=Halperin |first=Sandra |date=2 December 2023}}</ref>

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