Editing Color blindness (section)

{{Short description|Decreased ability to see color or color differences}}
{{redirect|Colorblind|the disorder that causes most forms of color blindness|Congenital red–green color blindness|other uses|Color blind (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
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{{Use American English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Color blindness
| synonyms      = Color vision deficiency, impaired color vision<ref name=Gor1998/>
| image         = Ishihara 9.svg
| field         = [[Ophthalmology]]
| symptoms      = Decreased ability to [[color vision|see color]]s<ref name=NEI2015/>
| complications = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = Long term<ref name=NEI2015/>
| causes        = [[Genetics|Genetic]] ([[heredity|inherited]] usually [[X-linked]])<ref name=NEI2015/>
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = [[Ishihara color test]]<ref name=NEI2015/>
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = Adjustments to teaching methods, [[mobile apps]]<ref name=Gor1998/><ref name=NEI2015/>
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = Red–green: 8% males, 0.5% females (Northern European descent)<ref name=NEI2015/>
| deaths        = 
| caption       = Example of an [[Ishihara color test]] plate. Viewers with normal color vision should clearly see the number "74".
}}

<!-- Description, Cause and Epidemiology -->
'''Color blindness''', '''color vision deficiency''' ('''CVD''') or '''color deficiency''' is the decreased ability to [[color vision|see color]] or differences in [[color]].<ref name="NEI2015" /> The severity of color blindness ranges from mostly unnoticeable to full absence of color perception. Color blindness is usually a [[Sex linkage|sex-linked]] [[Heredity|inherited]] problem or variation in the functionality of one or more of the three classes of [[cone cell]]s in the retina, which mediate color vision.<ref name="NEI2015" /> The most common form is caused by a genetic condition called [[congenital red–green color blindness]] (including protan and deutan types), which affects ''up to'' 1 in 12 males (8%) and 1 in 200 females (0.5%).<ref name="facts_colorblindness_article">{{cite journal |last1=Judd |first1=Deane B. |title=Facts of Color-Blindness |journal=JOSA |date=1 June 1943 |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=294–307 |doi=10.1364/JOSA.33.000294 |bibcode=1943JOSA...33..294J |url=https://opg.optica.org/josa/abstract.cfm?uri=josa-33-6-294 |access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> The condition is more prevalent in males, because the [[opsin]] genes responsible are located on the [[X chromosome]].<ref name="NEI2015" /> Rarer genetic conditions causing color blindness include congenital blue–yellow color blindness (tritan type), [[blue cone monochromacy]], and [[achromatopsia]]. Color blindness can also result from physical or chemical damage to the [[eye]], the [[optic nerve]], parts of the [[brain]], or from medication toxicity.<ref name="NEI2015" /> Color vision also naturally degrades in old age.<ref name="NEI2015" />

<!-- Diagnosis & Treatment -->
Diagnosis of color blindness is usually done with a [[color vision test]], such as the [[Ishihara test]]. There is no cure for most causes of color blindness; however there is ongoing research into [[Gene therapy for color blindness|gene therapy]] for some severe conditions causing color blindness.<ref name=NEI2015/> Minor forms of color blindness do not significantly affect daily life and the color blind automatically develop adaptations and coping mechanisms to compensate for the deficiency.<ref name=NEI2015/> However, diagnosis may allow an individual, or their parents/teachers, to actively accommodate the condition.<ref name=Gor1998>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gordon N | title = Colour blindness | journal = Public Health | volume = 112 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–4 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9581449 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ph.1900446  | issn = 0033-3506}}</ref> [[Color blind glasses]] (e.g. ''[[EnChroma]]'') may help the red–green color blind at some [[color task]]s,<ref name=NEI2015/> but they do not grant the wearer "normal color vision" or the ability to see "new" colors.<ref name=Robledo>{{cite journal |last1=Gómez-Robledo |first1=L |title=Do EnChroma glasses improve color vision for colorblind subjects? |journal=Optics Express |date=2018 |volume=26 |issue=22 |pages=28693–28703 |doi=10.1364/OE.26.028693|pmid=30470042 |bibcode=2018OExpr..2628693G |s2cid=53721875 |doi-access=free |hdl=10481/57698 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Some [[mobile app]]s can use a device's camera to identify colors.<ref name=NEI2015>{{cite web|title=Facts About Color Blindness|url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/color_blindness/facts_about|website=NEI|access-date=29 July 2016|date=February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728003639/https://nei.nih.gov/health/color_blindness/facts_about|archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>

<!-- Society and culture -->
Depending on the jurisdiction, the color blind are ineligible for certain careers,<ref name=Gor1998/> such as [[aircraft pilot]]s, [[train driver]]s, [[police officer]]s, [[firefighter]]s, and members of the [[armed forces]].<ref name=Gor1998/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/standardinterpretations/2004-01-29-0|title=OSHA does not have requirements for normal color vision. {{!}} Occupational Safety and Health Administration|website=www.osha.gov|access-date=2019-05-06|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506194815/https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/standardinterpretations/2004-01-29-0|url-status=live}}</ref> The effect of color blindness on artistic ability is controversial,<ref name=Gor1998/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marmor MF, Lanthony P | title = The dilemma of color deficiency and art | journal = Survey of Ophthalmology | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 407–15 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11274694 | doi = 10.1016/S0039-6257(00)00192-2 }}</ref> but a number of famous artists are believed to have been color blind.<ref name=Gor1998/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marmor MF | title = Vision, eye disease, and art: 2015 Keeler Lecture | journal = Eye | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 287–303 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26563659 | pmc = 4763116 | doi = 10.1038/eye.2015.197 }}</ref>

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