Editing Confederation (section)

{{Short description|Union of sovereign states linked by treaty}}
{{About|the type of state|the Canadian political event|Canadian Confederation|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Confederate state|the secessionist Southern states during the American civil war|Confederate States of America}}
{{Distinguish|Federation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Basic forms of government}}

A '''confederation''' (also known as a '''confederacy''' or '''league''') is a political union of [[sovereign state]]s united for purposes of common action.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary</ref> Usually created by a [[treaty]], confederations of states tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defence, foreign relations, internal trade or currency, with the central government being required to provide support for all its members. Confederalism represents a main form of [[intergovernmentalism]], defined as any form of interaction around states that takes place on the basis of sovereign independence or government.

The nature of the relationship among the member states constituting a confederation varies considerably. Likewise, the relationship between the member states and the general government and their distribution of powers varies. Some looser confederations are similar to [[intergovernmental organization|international organisations]]. Other confederations with stricter rules may resemble [[federal system]]s.
These elements of such confederations, the international organization and federalist perspective, has been combined as [[supranational union]]s.

Since the member states of a confederation retain their sovereignty, they have an implicit right of [[secession]]. The political philosopher [[Emmerich de Vattel]] said: "Several sovereign and independent states may unite themselves together by a perpetual confederacy without each, in particular, ceasing to be a perfect state.... The deliberations in common will offer no violence to the sovereignty of each member".<ref>Vattel, Emmerich (1758) ''The Law of Nations'', cited in Wood, Gordon (1969) ''The Creation of the American Republic 1776–1787'', University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, p.355.</ref>

Under a confederation, compared to a [[federal state]], the central authority is relatively weak.<ref>McCormick, John (2002) ''Understanding the European Union: a Concise Introduction'', Palgrave, Basingstoke, p. 6.</ref> Decisions made by the general government in a unicameral legislature, a council of the member states, require subsequent implementation by the member states to take effect; they are not laws acting directly upon the individual but have more the character of interstate agreements.<ref>This was the key feature that distinguished the first American union, under the [[Articles of Confederation]] of 1781, from the second, under the current [[US Constitution]] of 1789. [[Alexander Hamilton]], in ''Federalist 15'', called the absence of directly-effective law in the Articles a "defect" and the "great and radical vice" in the initial system. Madison, James, Hamilton, Alexander and Jay, John (1987) ''The Federalist Papers'', Penguin, Harmondsworth, p. 147.</ref> Also, decision-making in the general government usually proceeds by consensus (unanimity), not by the majority. Historically, those features limit the union's effectiveness. Hence, political pressure tends to build over time for the transition to a federal system of government, as in the American, Swiss and German cases of [[regional integration]].