Editing Conscientious objector (section)

{{Short description|Person refusing military service on moral grounds}}
{{about|freedom of conscience in the military|conscientious objection in medicine|Conscience clause in medicine in the United States|and|Conscientious objection to abortion|the documentary film about Desmond Doss|The Conscientious Objector{{!}}''The Conscientious Objector''}}
{{Redirect|Objector|the 1966 Australian television play|Objector (Australian Playhouse){{!}}Objector (''Australian Playhouse'')}}
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A '''conscientious objector''' is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform [[military service]]"<ref>On July 30, 2001, explicit clarification of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] Article 18 was made in the United Nations [[Human Rights Committee]] general comment 22, Para. 11: {{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/FreedomReligion/Pages/IstandardsI3k.aspx|title=Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. Framework for communications. Conscientious Objection|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=2012-05-07|archive-date=2020-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106042616/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/FreedomReligion/Pages/IstandardsI3k.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> on the grounds of [[freedom of conscience]] or [[freedom of religion|religion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=2008-05-15}}</ref> The term has also been extended to objecting to working for the [[military–industrial complex]] due to a crisis of conscience.<ref>{{cite web |title=Confessions of a Military Industrial Complex Conscientious Objector |url=http://www.opednews.com/populum/pagem.php?f=Confessions-of-a-Military-by-Richard-Wilson-100428-533.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427124817/http://www.opednews.com/populum/pagem.php?f=Confessions-of-a-Military-by-Richard-Wilson-100428-533.html |archive-date=27 April 2015 |access-date=12 August 2017 |website=OpEdNews}}</ref> In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to an alternative [[civilian service]] as a substitute for [[conscription]] or military service.

A number of organizations around the world celebrate the principle on May 15 as International Conscientious Objection Day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Campaigns: International Day on Conscientious Objection |url=http://www.wri-irg.org/campaigns/co_day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625054559/http://wri-irg.org/campaigns/co_day |archive-date=2014-06-25 |access-date=2014-05-10}}</ref>

On March 8, 1995, the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] resolution 1995/83 stated that "persons performing military service should not be excluded from the right to have conscientious objections to military service".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c22523,4565c25f2c9,3b00f0d220,0.html |title=UN Commission on Human Rights, Conscientious objection to military service., 8 March 1995, E/CN.4/RES/1995/83 (See point #2)|author=UN Commission on Human Rights |date=March 8, 1995 |publisher=UN Commission on Human Rights |access-date=2009-12-02}}</ref> This was re-affirmed on April 22, 1998, when resolution 1998/77 recognized that "persons [already] performing military service may ''develop'' conscientious objections".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/5bc5759a53f36ab380256671004b643a?Opendocument|title=Conscientious objection to military service; Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77; see preamble "Aware..."|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|date=April 22, 1998|publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=2009-12-08|archive-date=2018-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119071939/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/5bc5759a53f36ab380256671004b643a?Opendocument|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=search&amp;docid=3b00f0be10&amp;skip=0&amp;query=1998/77|title=Conscientious objection to military service; E/CN.4/RES/1998/77; See introductory paragraph|date=April 22, 1998|publisher=UN Commission on Human Rights|access-date=2009-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/sdpage_e.aspx?b=1&se=10&t=11|title= Conscientious objection to military service, Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77, Navigation to document: press "next" four times, see bottom listing, and at the right choose letter for language ("E" for English) Document: CHR 54th 4/22/1998E/CN.4/RES/1998/77 |year=1998|publisher= United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights| access-date=2008-04-24}}</ref><ref name="D. CHRISTOPHER DECKER, AND LUCIA FRESA">{{cite web |url=http://www1.law.nyu.edu/journals/jilp/issues/33/pdf/33n.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122030613/http://www1.law.nyu.edu/journals/jilp/issues/33/pdf/33n.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2011 |title=THE STATUS OF CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION UNDER ARTICLE 4 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, 33 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 379 (2000); See pages 412–424, (or PDF pages 34–36) |author1=D. CHRISTOPHER DECKER |author2=AND LUCIA FRESA |date=29 March 2001 |publisher=New York University School of Law, Issues&nbsp;– Volume 33 |access-date=2009-12-02 }}</ref>