Editing Crew resource management (section)

{{Short description|Air crew communication and decision-making training}}
{{About|aviation|seafaring|maritime resource management}}
{{distinguish|Crew management}}
{{use mdy dates|date=December 2021}}

'''Crew resource management''' or '''cockpit resource management''' ('''CRM''')<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Diehl, Alan |year=2013 |title=Air Safety Investigators: Using Science to Save Lives – One Crash at a Time |publisher=<!--Xlibris Corporation--> |isbn=9781479728930 |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/DrAlanDiehl/AirSafetyInvestigators/prweb10735591.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205224822/http://www.prweb.com/releases/DrAlanDiehl/AirSafetyInvestigators/prweb10735591.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>Capt. Al Haynes (May 24, 1991). "The Crash of United Flight 232." Retrieved 2007-03-27. Presentation to NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility staff.</ref> is a set of training procedures for use in environments where [[human error]] can have devastating effects. CRM is primarily used for improving [[aviation safety]] and focuses on [[interpersonal communication]], [[leadership]], and [[decision making]] in aircraft  cockpits. Its founder is [[David Beaty (author)|David Beaty]], a former [[Royal Air Force]] and a [[BOAC]] pilot who wrote ''The Human Factor in Aircraft Accidents'' (1969). Despite the considerable development of electronic aids since then, many principles he developed continue to prove effective.

CRM in the US formally began with a [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) recommendation written by NTSB Air Safety Investigator and aviation psychologist Alan Diehl<ref name="ReferenceA">"Air Crash Investigation: Focused on Failure", ''Discover Channel/National Geographic ''Program "Mayday"'' ''S12 E08</ref> during his investigation of the 1978 [[United Airlines Flight 173]] crash. The issues surrounding that crash included a [[Douglas DC-8|DC-8]] crew running out of fuel over [[Portland, Oregon]], while troubleshooting a landing gear problem.<ref>"United Flight 232." Retrieved 2007-03-27. Presentation to NASA Dryden Flight Research Facility staff.</ref>

The term "cockpit resource management"—which was later generalized to "crew resource management"—was coined in 1979 by NASA psychologist John Lauber, who for several years had studied communication processes in cockpits.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Langewiesche |first=William |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/business/2014/10/air-france-flight-447-crash |title=The Human Factor |date=October 2014 |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |access-date=2014-09-25}}</ref> While retaining a command hierarchy, the concept was intended to foster a less-authoritarian cockpit culture in which co-pilots are encouraged to question captains if they observed them making mistakes.<ref name=":1" />

CRM grew out of the 1977 [[Tenerife airport disaster]], in which two Boeing 747 aircraft collided on the runway, killing 583 people. A few weeks later, NASA held a workshop on the topic, endorsing this training.<ref name="NASA_Workshop_Info">Cooper, G. E., White, M. D., & Lauber, J. K. (Eds.) 1980. "Resource management on the flightdeck," Proceedings of a NASA/Industry Workshop (NASA CP-2120).</ref> In the US, United Airlines was the first airline to launch a comprehensive CRM program, starting in 1981.<ref name="Helmreich_Merritt_Wilhelm_book">{{Cite journal |title=The Evolution of Crew Resource Management Training in Commercial Aviation |author1=Helmreich, R. L. |author2=Merritt, A. C. |author3=Wilhelm, J. A. |journal=[[International Journal of Aviation Psychology]] |year=1999 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=19–32 |pmid=11541445 |doi=10.1207/s15327108ijap0901_2 |citeseerx=10.1.1.526.8574 |url=http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/group/helmreichlab/publications/pubfiles/Pub235.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306162247/http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/group/HelmreichLAB/publications/pubfiles/Pub235.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-06}}</ref> By the 1990s, CRM had become a global standard.<ref name=":1" />

United Airlines trained their flight attendants to use CRM in conjunction with the pilots to provide another layer of enhanced communication and teamwork. Studies have shown the use of CRM by both work groups reduces communication barriers and problems can be solved more effectively, leading to increased safety.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ford |first1=Jane |last2=Henderson |first2=Robert |last3=O'Hare |first3=David |title=The Effects of Crew Resource Management Training on Flight Attendants' Safety Attitudes |journal=Journal of Safety Research |date=February 2014 |volume=48 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.1016/j.jsr.2013.11.003 |pmid=24529091}}</ref> CRM training concepts have been modified for use in a wide range of activities including air traffic control, ship handling, firefighting, and surgery, in which people must make dangerous, [[time-critical]] decisions.<ref>Diehl, Alan (June, 1994). "Crew Resource Management...It's Not Just for Fliers Anymore". ''Flying Safety, ''USAF Safety Agency.</ref>