Editing Cuman language (section)

{{Short description|Extinct West Kipchak Turkic language}}
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{{Refimprove|date=November 2022}}
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{{Infobox language
| name             = Cuman
| altname          = Kuman, Kipchak, Polovcian<ref>{{cite web|url=http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=qwm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923184851/http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=qwm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2008|title=The Kuman Language|publisher=[[Linguist List|LINGUIST List]]|access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
| states           = [[Cumania|Cuman–Kipchak Confederation]], [[Golden Horde]]
| region           = [[Cumania]]
| ethnicity        = [[Cumans]], [[Kipchaks]], [[Tatars]]
| extinct          = In [[Kunság]]: 1770, with the death of [[:fr:István Varró|István Varró]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Melnyk |first=Mykola |date=2022 |title=Byzantium and the Pechenegs |quote=István Varró, a member of the Jász-Cuman mission to the empress of Austria Maria Theresa and the known last speaker of the Cuman language, died in 1770.}}</ref>
|speakers2 = Other regions: evolved into Kipchak-Cuman languages
| familycolor      = Altaic
| fam1             = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
| fam2             = [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
| fam3             = [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]]
| fam4             = [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak–Cuman]]<ref>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cuma1241 Glottolog entry for Cuman]</ref>
| script           = [[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]
| iso3             = qwm
| linglist         = qwm
| glotto           = cuma1241
| glottorefname    = Cuman
| nativename       = {{lang|qwm|Tatar til}}
| imagecaption     = [[Codex Cumanicus]], 14th century
| image            = Codex Cumanicus 001.jpg
| map              = File:Cumania_(1200)_eng.png
| mapcaption       = Map of territory occupied by the Cumans around 1200
}}

'''Cuman''' or '''Kuman''' (also called '''Kipchak''', '''Qypchaq''' or '''Polovtsian''', self referred to as '''Tatar''' ({{lang|qwm|tatar til}}) in [[Codex Cumanicus]])<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans|page=406|author=Florin Curta|year=2007}}</ref> was a [[Kipchak languages|West Kipchak]] [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]] spoken by the [[Cumans]] (Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun) and [[Kipchaks]]; the language was similar to today's various languages of the West Kipchak branch. Cuman is documented in medieval works, including the Codex Cumanicus, and in early modern manuscripts, like the notebook of Benedictine monk Johannes ex Grafing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Knauer |first1=Georg Nicholaus |title=The Earliest Vocabulary of Romani Words (c. 1515) in the Collectanea of Johannes ex Grafing, a student of Johannes Reuchlin and Conrad Celtis |journal=[[Romani Studies (journal)|Romani Studies]] |date=2010 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.3828/rs.2010.1|s2cid=170292032 }}</ref> It was a literary language in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] that left a rich literary inheritance. The language became the main language ([[lingua franca]]) of the [[Golden Horde]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://old.unesco.kz/qypchaq/Memorials-En.htm|title=Turkic written memorials|website=Old.unesco.kz|access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref>