Editing DNA paternity testing (section)

{{Short description|DNA matching techniques to identify someone's father}}
{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}}

'''DNA paternity testing''' uses [[DNA profiling|DNA profiles]] to determine whether an individual is the [[biology|biological]] parent of another individual. Paternity testing can be essential when the rights and duties of the father are in issue, and a child's [[Father|paternity]] is in doubt. Tests can also determine the likelihood of someone being a biological grandparent. Though [[genetics|genetic]] testing is the most reliable standard, older methods also exist, including [[blood type|ABO blood group typing]], analysis of various other [[protein]]s and [[enzyme]]s, or using [[human leukocyte antigen]] [[antigen]]s. The current paternity testing techniques are [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) and [[restriction fragment length polymorphism]] (RFLP). Paternity testing can now also be performed while the woman is still pregnant from a blood draw.<ref>[http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1113044 "A Non-invasive Test to Determine Paternity in Pregnancy" New England Journal of Medicine May 3, 2012]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/20/health/paternity-blood-tests-that-work-early-in-a-pregnancy.html|title=Paternity Blood Tests That Work Early in a Pregnancy|first=Andrew|last=Pollack|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 June 2012}}</ref>

DNA testing is currently the most advanced and accurate technology to determine parentage. In a DNA paternity test, the result (called the 'probability of parentage)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Presciuttini |first1=Silvano |last2=Toni |first2=Chiara |last3=Spinetti |first3=Isabella |last4=Rocchi |first4=Anna |last5=Domenici |first5=Ranieri |date=April 2006 |title=An unusual case of disputed paternity: When the legitimate children of a deceased alleged father deny DNA |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0531513105013154 |journal=International Congress Series |language=en |volume=1288 |pages=831–833 |doi=10.1016/j.ics.2005.09.043|url-access=subscription }}</ref> is 0% when the alleged parent is not biologically related to the child, and the probability of parentage is typically 99.99% when the alleged parent is biologically related to the child. However, while almost all individuals have a single and distinct set of genes, rare individuals, known as "[[chimera (genetics)|chimeras]]", have at least two different sets of genes. This can lead to complications during DNA analysis, such as false negative results if their reproductive tissue has a different genetic makeup from the tissue sampled for the test.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Akinola |first1=Adeyemi Adewale |last2=Anana |first2=Mariam |date=2024-09-04 |title=Exploring Entrepreneurial English in Digital Information: Harmonizing News Headlines with their Introductions in Phoenix |url=https://doi.org/10.3126/access.v3i1.69420 |journal=Access: An International Journal of Nepal Library Association |volume=3 |pages=51–64 |doi=10.3126/access.v3i1.69420 |issn=2822-2075|url-access=subscription }}</ref>