Editing David (section)

{{Short description|Biblical figure and Israelite monarch}}
{{About|the Biblical monarch|the name "David"|David (name)|other uses|David (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|King David|other uses|King David (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2022}}
{{use dmy dates|cs1-dates=yy|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = David<br/>{{nobold|{{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|דָּוִד}}}}}}
| title        = 
| image        = King David, the King of Israel.jpg
| caption      = ''King David Playing the Harp'' (1622)<br/>by [[Gerard van Honthorst]]
| reign        = controversial; between 10th century BCE and 9th century BCE<ref>{{cite book | last=Frevel | first=Christian | title=History of Ancient Israel | year=2023 | publisher=SBL Press | location=Atlanta | pages=176, 190 | isbn=978-1-62837-514-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvy6EAAAQBAJ |quote=The geographical extent of David’s—even extrabiblically probable—rule as well as its precise date remain controversial in research. Yet, divorced from the biblical findings, there is nothing to suggest it should be dated around 1000 BCE. (p. 176) …the local ruler David, whenever—tenth or ninth century BCE—he is to be dated. (p. 190)}}</ref>
| succession   = [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|King of Israel]]
| predecessor  = [[Ish-bosheth]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Garfinkel |first1=Yosef |last2= Ganor |first2=Saar |last3=Hasel |first3= Michael G. |title=In the Footsteps of King David: Revelations from an Ancient Biblical City |date=2018 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-50077428-1 |page=182 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=C_NjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182 |access-date=2020-10-05 |archive-date= 2020-10-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201011131758/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_NjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Avioz |first1= Michael |title=Josephus' Interpretation of the Books of Samuel |date=2015 |publisher= Bloomsbury |isbn=9780567458575 |page=99 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FQPSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |access-date=2020-10-04 |archive-date= 2020-10-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201011131759/https://books.google.com/books?id=FQPSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| successor    = [[Solomon]]
| queen        = {{Collapsible list 
 | titlestyle = font-weight: normal; background: inherit; font-style: italic; text-align: left;
 | title = 8 wives:
 |[[Michal]]
 |[[Ahinoam]] 
 |[[Abigail]]
 |[[Maachah]]
 |[[Haggith]]
 |[[Abital]]
 |[[Eglah]]
 |[[Bathsheba]]}}
| consort      = 
| issue        = {{Collapsible list 
 | titlestyle = font-weight: normal; background: inherit; font-style: italic; text-align: left;
 | title = 18+ children, including:
 |[[Amnon]]
 |[[Chileab]]
 |[[Absalom]]
 |[[Adonijah]]
 |[[Shephatiah]]
 |[[Ithream]]
 |[[Shammua]]
 |Shobab
 |[[Nathan (son of David)|Nathan]]
 |[[Solomon]]
 |[[Ibhar]]
 |Elishua
 |Eliphalet
 |Nogah
 |[[Nepheg]]
 |Japhia
 |Elishama
 |Eliada
 |[[Jerimoth]]
 |[[Tamar (daughter of David)|Tamar]]}}
| royal house  = [[Davidic line|House of David]]
| father       = [[Jesse (biblical figure)|Jesse]]
| mother       = [[Nitzevet]] ([[Talmud]])
}}
{{Monarchy of Ancient Israel}}

'''David''' ({{IPAc-en |ˈ|d|eɪ|v|ᵻ|d}}; {{Langx|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|דָּוִד}}|Dāwīḏ}}, "beloved one"){{efn | {{langx|ar|داود}} <small>(traditional spelling)</small>, {{lang |ar|داوود}}, ''Dāwūd''; {{langx|grc-x-koine|Δαυΐδ|Dauíd}}; {{langx|la|Davidus, David}}; {{langx |gez|ዳዊት}}, ''Dawit''; {{langx|xcl|Դաւիթ}}, ''Dawitʿ''; {{langx|cu|Давíдъ}}, ''Davidŭ''; possibly meaning "beloved one".<ref name= BR77>{{cite book| first1=G. Johannes | last1 = Botterweck| first2 =Helmer | last2 = Ringgren|title= Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lBUH0Znxbb8C&pg=PA158|year=1977|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn= 978-0-8028-2327-4|page=158}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/1732.htm|title=Strong's Hebrew: 1732. דָּוִיד (David) -- perhaps "beloved one," a son of Jesse|website=biblehub.com}}</ref> was a king of [[ancient Israel and Judah]] and the [[Kings of Israel and Judah|third<!--Please do not change this to "second"--> king]] of the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|United Monarchy]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=David M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzHhuvuEQxQC&pg=PA58 |title=An Introduction to the Old Testament: Sacred Texts and Imperial Contexts of the Hebrew Bible |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-44435623-6 |page=58 |access-date=2020-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011131758/https://books.google.com/books?id=OzHhuvuEQxQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=2020-10-11 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Falk |first1=Avner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z10-Xz9Kno4C&pg=PA115 |title=A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews |date=1996 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=978-0-83863660-2 |page=115 |access-date=2020-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011131816/https://books.google.com/books?id=z10-Xz9Kno4C&pg=PA115 |archive-date=2020-10-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> according to the [[Hebrew Bible]] and [[Old Testament]].

The [[Tel Dan stele]], an [[Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions|Aramaic-inscribed stone]] erected by a king of [[Aram-Damascus]] in the late 9th/early 8th centuries BCE to commemorate a victory over two enemy kings, contains the phrase {{Lang|oar-Latn|bytdwd}} ({{Lang|oar|𐤁𐤉𐤕𐤃𐤅𐤃}}), which is translated as "[[Davidic line|House of David]]" by most scholars. The [[Mesha Stele]], erected by King [[Mesha]] of [[Moab]] in the 9th century BCE, may also refer to the "House of David", although this is disputed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New reading of Mesha Stele could have far-reaching consequences for biblical history|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-05-mesha-stele-far-reaching-consequences-biblical.html|access-date=2021-07-22|website=phys.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Amanda Borschel-Dan|title=High-tech study of ancient stone suggests new proof of King David's dynasty|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/high-tech-study-of-ancient-stone-keeps-davidic-dynasty-in-disputed-inscription/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> According to Jewish works such as the ''[[Seder Olam Rabbah]]'', ''[[Seder Olam Zutta]]'', and ''[[Sefer ha-Qabbalah]]'' (all written over a thousand years later), David ascended the throne as the king of Judah in 885 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ben Halpetha|first=Jose|author-link=Jose ben Halafta |title=Seder Olam Rabba|editor=M.D. Yerushalmi |date=1971|publisher=Gil Publishers, in affiliation with the Haredi Youth Organization|location=|language=he |oclc=233090728|title-link=Seder Olam Rabba}}, s.v. ''Seder Olam Zutta'', p. 107 (who gives the year of his ascension as 2875 ''[[anno mundi]]'').</ref> Apart from this, all that is known of David comes from biblical literature, [[Historicity of the Bible|the historicity of which has been extensively challenged]],<ref name="Kalimi p. 32">Writing and Rewriting the Story of Solomon in Ancient Israel; by Isaac Kalimi; page 32; Cambridge University Press, 2018; {{ISBN|9781108471268}}</ref> and there is little detail about David that is concrete and undisputed.{{sfn|Moore|Kelle|2011|pp=232–233}} Debates persist over several controversial issues: the exact timeframe of David's reign and the geographical boundaries of his kingdom; whether the story serves as a political defense of David's dynasty against accusations of tyranny, murder and regicide; the homoerotic relationship between [[David and Jonathan]]; whether the text is a [[Homer]]-like heroic tale adopting elements from its [[Ancient Near East]] parallels; and whether elements of the text date as late as the [[Hasmonean]] period.

In the [[deuteronomistic history|biblical narrative]] of the [[Books of Samuel]], David is described as a young shepherd and [[kinnor|harpist]] whose heart is devoted to [[Yahweh]], the one true God. He gains fame and becomes a hero by killing [[Goliath]]. He becomes a favorite of [[Saul]], the first king of Israel, but is forced to go into hiding when Saul suspects David of plotting to take his throne. After Saul and his son [[Jonathan (1 Samuel)|Jonathan]] are killed in battle, David is anointed king by the [[tribe of Judah]] and eventually all the tribes of Israel. He conquers [[Jerusalem]], makes it the capital of a [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|united Israel]], and brings the [[Ark of the Covenant]] to the city. He commits adultery with [[Bathsheba]] and arranges the death of her husband, [[Uriah the Hittite]]. David's son [[Absalom]] later tries to overthrow him, but David returns to Jerusalem after Absalom's death to continue his reign. David desires to build a temple to Yahweh, but is denied because of the bloodshed of his reign. He dies at age 70 and chooses [[Solomon]], his son with Bathsheba, as his successor instead of his eldest son [[Adonijah]]. David is honored as an ideal king and the forefather of the future [[Messiah in Judaism|Hebrew Messiah]] in [[Jewish]] prophetic literature, and many [[psalms]] are attributed to him.

David is also richly represented in post-biblical [[Jewish history|Jewish written and oral tradition]] and referenced in the [[New Testament]]. [[Early Christians]] interpreted the life of [[Jesus|Jesus of Nazareth]] in light of references to the Hebrew Messiah and to David; Jesus is described as being directly descended from David in the [[Gospel of Matthew]] and the [[Gospel of Luke]]. In the [[Quran]] and [[hadith]], David is described as an Israelite king as well as a [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet of Allah]].<ref name="oxis">{{cite web |title=David |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e510 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119035811/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e510 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Oxford Islamic Studies |publisher=Oxford}}</ref><ref name="brilleoi">{{cite journal |last1=Manouchehri |first1=Faramarz Haj |last2=Khodaverdian |first2=Shahram |date=28 September 2017 |title=David (Dāwūd) |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/*-COM_036118 |journal=Encyclopaedia Islamica |publisher=Brill |access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref> The biblical David has inspired many interpretations in art and literature over the centuries.