Editing Deccani language (section)

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Deccani
| nativename       = {{nq|دکنی}}
| image            = File:Khalilullah Butshikan - From Dohras (Songs) 40 and 42 from the Kitab-i Nauras (Book of Nine Essence - 2013.284 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg
| imagecaption     = A folio from the ''[[Kitab-i-Navras]]'', a collection of Deccani poetry attributed to the [[Adil Shahi]] king [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] (16th-17th centuries)
| ethnicity        = [[Deccanis]]
| states           = [[India]]
| region           = [[Deccan]]<br />([[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Goa]])
| speakers         = 
| date             = 
| ref              = 
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Zone]]
| fam5             = [[Western Hindi languages|Western Hindi]]
| fam6             = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| script           = [[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] ([[Urdu alphabet]])
| dia1             = [[Hyderabadi Urdu|Hyderabadi]]
| dia2             = Mysore
| dia3             = Madrasi
| agency           = 
| glotto           = dakh1244
| glottorefname    = Dakhini (Urdu)
| stand1           = [[Urdu|Standard Urdu]]
| isoexception     = dialect
}}
'''Deccani''' ({{nq|دکنی}} ''dakanī'' or {{nq|دکھنی}} ''dakhanī'';{{efn-ua|''Deccani'' is spelled variously as ''Dakni'', ''Dakani'', ''Dakhni'', ''Dakhani'', ''Dakhini'', ''Dakkhani'', ''Dakkhini'' and ''Dakkani''}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kellman |first1=Steven G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCs9EAAAQBAJ&dq=deccani+variety+of+urdu&pg=PT417 |title=The Routledge Handbook of Literary Translingualism |last2=Lvovich |first2=Natasha |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-44153-6 |language=en}}</ref> also known as '''Deccani Urdu''',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Abdul Jamil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nH1HBxdA1UIC&q=deccani+urdu&pg=PA156|title=Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism|date=2006|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-438-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Sarwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAKqDwAAQBAJ&dq=deccani+dialect+of+urdu&pg=PT113 |title=Cultural Fusion of Sufi Islam: Alternative Paths to Mystical Faith |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-87294-5 |language=en}}</ref> '''Deccani Hindi''',<ref name="Azam2017">{{cite book |last1=Azam |first1=Kousar J. |title=Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad |year= 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-39399-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Verma1990">{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Dinesh Chandra |title=Social, Economic, and Cultural History of Bijapur |date=1990 |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |page=141 |language=en |quote=Deccani Hindi is indebted for its development to the Muslim poets and writers chiefly belonging to the kingdom of Bijapur.}}</ref><ref name="Arun1961">{{cite book |last1=Arun |first1=Vidya Bhaskar |title=A Comparative Phonology of Hindi and Panjabi |date=1961 |publisher=Panjabi Sahitya Akademi |page=xii |language=en |quote=The Deccani Hindi Poetry in its earlier phase was not so much Persianised as it became later.}}</ref> and '''Deccani Hindustani''')<ref>{{cite web |title=Social History — 1750-1780: Document |url=https://www.londonmuseum.org.uk/collections/v/object-779401/document/ |publisher=[[Museum of London]] |access-date=6 February 2025 |language=en-gb |quote=The majority of the documents are written in Farsi (Persian), employing the adapted Arabic script but these notes are written in English and Deccani Hindustani with Carnatic translation.}}</ref><ref name="Hirschmann2019">{{cite book |last1=Hirschmann |first1=Edwin |title=The Accidental Viceroy: Robert Lytton in India |date=11 December 2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-9853-8 |page=41 |language=en |quote=But the dewan translated these (probably into Deccani Hindustani) as "friendship" and "alliance".}}</ref> is an [[Indo-Aryan language|Indo-Aryan]] [[Variety (linguistics)|language variety]] based on a form of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] spoken in the [[Deccan]] region of south-central India and is the native language variety of the [[Deccani Muslims|Deccani people]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohammed |first1=Syed |title=Deccani roots truly secular |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/deccani-roots-truly-secular/articleshow/11562152.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Maclean2021"/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Emeneau |first1=Murray B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5RsDwAAQBAJ&dq=deccani+urdu+hindi+dakhani&pg=PA281 |title=Linguistics in South Asia |last2=Fergusson |first2=Charles A. |date=2016 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-081950-2 |language=en}}</ref> The historical form of Deccani sparked the development of [[Urdu literature]] during the [[Mughal Empire|late-Mughal period]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Imam|first=Syeda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ww3GYpMrwysC&q=mughals+made+urdu+official&pg=PT120|title=The Untold Charminar|date=2008|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-971-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Sarwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAKqDwAAQBAJ&dq=urdu+deccani&pg=PT113 |title=Cultural Fusion of Sufi Islam: Alternative Paths to Mystical Faith |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-87294-5 |language=en}}</ref> Deccani arose as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' under the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Sultanates]], as trade and migration from the north introduced [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] to [[Deccan Plateau|the Deccan]]. It later developed a literary tradition under the patronage of the [[Deccan Sultanates]]. Deccani itself came to influence modern standard [[Urdu]] and later [[Hindi]].<ref name="Maclean2021"/><ref name="phonology">{{Cite web |url=https://the-deccan.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Dakhani-Urdu-Phonology-Morphology.pdf|title=Urdu-Phonology and Morphology}}</ref>

The Deccani language has an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] core vocabulary, though it incorporated loanwords from [[Persian language|Persian]], which was the official language of the Deccan Sultanates. Additionally, Deccani differs from northern [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] sociolects due to archaisms retained from the [[medieval India|medieval era]], as well as a [[Language convergence|convergence]] with and loanwords from the Deccan's regional languages like [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] spoken in the states of [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and some parts of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Maclean2021">{{cite web |author1=Kama Maclean |title=Language and Cinema: Schisms in the Representation of Hyderabad |url=https://www.flame.edu.in/in-the-media/language-and-cinema-schisms-in-the-representation-of-hyderabad |access-date=12 February 2024 |date=26 September 2021|quote=The Deccani language developed between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries in the Deccan—it is known to be an old form of Hindi and Urdu. Deccani was influenced by the other languages of the region, that is, it borrowed some words from Telugu, Kannada and Marathi. Deccani was known as the language from the South and it later traveled to the north of India and influenced Khari Boli. It also had a significant influence on the development of Hindi and Urdu.}}</ref> Deccani has been increasingly influenced by [[Standard Urdu]], especially noticed in [[Hyderabadi Urdu]], which serves as its [[formal register]]. In the modern era, it has mostly survived as a spoken [[lect]] and is not a literary language. 

There are three primary dialects of Deccani spoken today: [[Hyderabadi Urdu]], Mysore Urdu, and Madrasi Urdu. [[Hyderabadi Urdu]] is the closest of these dialects to Standard Urdu and the most spoken.<ref name="phonology"/>

The term "Deccani" and its variants are often used in two different contexts: a historical, obsolete one, referring to the medieval-era literary predecessor of Hindi-Urdu;{{Sfn|Rahman|2011|p=22}}<ref name="Maclean2021"/> and an oral one, referring to the Urdu dialects spoken in many areas of the Deccan today.{{Sfn|Rahman|2011|p=4}} Both contexts have intricate historical ties.