Editing Democratic-Republican Party (section)

{{short description|American political party (1792–1834)}}
{{redirect|Democratic Republican|other uses|Democratic Republican (disambiguation)|and|Democratic Republican Party (disambiguation){{!}}Democratic Republican Party}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}} 
{{Infobox political party
| colorcode        = {{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}
| name             = Democratic-Republican Party
| lang1            = Other
| name_lang1       = {{ubl|Jeffersonian Republicans{{efn-la|name=internalNameLink}}|Republican Party|Democratic Party}}
| logo             = Tricolour Cockade.svg
| founders         = {{plainlist|
*[[Thomas Jefferson]]
*[[James Madison]]}}
| founded          = {{nowrap|{{start date and age|1792|05|13}}<ref name="bill 2047"/>}}
| dissolved        = c. {{end date and age|1825}}
| predecessor      = [[Anti-Administration party]]
| successor        = {{plainlist|
*[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]
*[[National Republican Party]] |[[Whig]]
}}
| newspaper        = ''[[National Gazette]]'' (1791–1793)
| ideology         = [[Jeffersonian democracy]]<ref name="Larson 2007">{{cite book |last=Larson |first=Edward J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MXcCdlmwwecC |title=A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign |year=2007 |isbn=9780743293174 |page=21 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=The divisions between Adams and Jefferson were exasperated by the more extreme views expressed by some of their partisans, particularly the High Federalists led by Hamilton on what was becoming known as the political right, and the democratic wing of the Republican Party on the left, associated with New York Governor George Clinton and Pennsylvania legislator Albert Gallatin, among others. |author-link=Edward J. Larson}}</ref>
* [[Agrarianism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Democratic-Republican_Party |title=Democratic-Republican Party |last=Ohio History Connection |website=[[Ohio History Central]] |access-date=August 30, 2017 |quote=Democratic-Republicans favored keeping the U.S. economy based on agriculture and said that the U.S. should serve as the agricultural provider for the rest of the world [...]. Economically, the Democratic-Republicans wanted to remain a predominantly agricultural nation, [...].}}</ref>
* [[Anti-clericalism]]<ref>{{cite journal |first=James R. |last=Beasley |date=1972 |title=Emerging Republicanism and the Standing Order: The Appropriation Act Controversy in Connecticut, 1793 to 1795 |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |volume=29 |issue=4 |page=604 |doi=10.2307/1917394 |jstor=1917394}}</ref>
* [[Liberalism in the United States#18th and 19th century|Classical liberalism]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Adams |first=Ian |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32 |title=Political Ideology Today |edition=reprinted, revised |location=Manchester |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |page=32|isbn=9780719060205 |quote=Ideologically, all US parties are liberal and always have been. Essentially they espouse classical liberalism, that is a form of democratized Whig constitutionalism plus the free market. The point of difference comes with the influence of social liberalism.}}</ref>
* [[Republicanism in the United States|Republicanism]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Democratic-Republican-Party |title=Democratic-Republican Party |date=July 20, 1998 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |quote=The Republicans contended that the Federalists harboured aristocratic attitudes and that their policies placed too much power in the central government and tended to benefit the affluent at the expense of the common man. |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>

'''Factions'''
* [[Radicalism in the United States|Radicalism]]<ref name="Matthews 1984 p.">{{cite book |last=Matthews |first=Richard K. |title=The radical politics of Thomas Jefferson: a revisionist view |publisher=University Press of Kansas |location=Lawrence, KS |date=1984 |page=18 |isbn=0-7006-0256-9 |oclc=10605658}}</ref>
* [[Populism]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Wood|title=The American Revolution|page=100}}</ref>
| headquarters     = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| colors           = {{plainlist|
{{color box|#002387|border=darkgray}} [[Blue]] {{color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} [[White]] {{color box|#CC0000|border=darkgray}} [[Red]]}}
| seats1_title     = Senate ([[1822–23 United States Senate elections|1822]])
| seats1           = {{composition bar|44|48|hex={{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}}} (peak)
| seats2_title     = House ([[1822–23 United States House of Representatives elections|1822]])
| seats2           = {{composition bar|189|213|hex={{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}}} (peak)
| country          = the United States
}}

The '''Republican Party''', known retrospectively as the '''Democratic-Republican Party''' (also referred to by historians as the '''Jeffersonian Republican Party'''),{{efn-la|name=internalNameLink|Party members generally referred to it as the Republican Party; although the word ''Republican'' is not to be confused with the modern [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party founded in the 1850s]]. To distinguish this party from the current Republican Party, political scientists usually use the term "Democratic-Republican".}} was an [[Political parties in the United States|American political party]] founded by [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]] in the early 1790s. It championed [[Liberalism in the United States|liberalism]], [[Republicanism in the United States|republicanism]], individual liberty, equal rights, separation of church and state, freedom of religion, anti-clericalism, emancipation of religious minorities, decentralization, free markets, free trade, and [[agrarianism]]. In foreign policy, it was hostile to Great Britain and in sympathy with the [[French Revolution]] and [[Napoleonic wars|Napoleonic Wars]]. The party became increasingly dominant after the [[1800 United States elections|1800 elections]] as the opposing [[Federalist Party]] collapsed.

Increasing dominance over American politics led to increasing factional splits within the party. [[Old Republicans]], led by [[John Taylor of Caroline]] and [[John Randolph of Roanoke]], believed that the administrations of Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe—and the Congresses led by [[Henry Clay]]—had in some ways betrayed the republican "[[Principles of '98]]" by expanding the size and scope of the national government. The Republicans splintered during the [[1824 United States presidential election|1824 presidential election]]. Those calling for a return to the older founding principles of the party were often referred to as "Democratic Republicans" (later [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]) while those embracing the newer nationalist principles of "[[American System (economic plan)|The American System]]" were often referred to as [[National Republicans]] (later [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]]).<ref name="pop style">{{Cite web |url=https://nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/populism-american-style |title=Populism, American Style |last=Olsen |first=Henry |date=Summer 2010 |access-date=30 May 2021 |publisher=National Affairs |quote="Amid the passion and the anger, Jefferson and Madison's Republican Party — the forerunner of today's Democrats — won the day; the coalition they built then proceeded to win every national election until 1824... The elections of 1828 and 1832 saw the ruling Republicans break into two factions: The minority faction — headed by incumbent president John Quincy Adams — became the National Republicans (and then the Whigs); it drew its support from the mercantile regions of the country, mainly New England and the large cities of the South. Members of the majority faction, meanwhile, renamed themselves the Democrats under the leadership of Andrew Jackson."}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/03/15/what-is-happening-to-the-republicans |title=What is Happening to the Republicans? |last=Cobb |first=Jelani |date=8 March 2021 |access-date=27 January 2022 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |quote=In the uproar that ensued, the Party split, with each side laying claim to a portion of its name: the smaller faction, led by Adams, became the short-lived National Republicans; the larger, led by Jackson, became the Democratic Party.}}</ref>

The Republican Party originated in [[United States Congress|Congress]] to oppose the nationalist and economically interventionist policies of [[Alexander Hamilton]], who served as [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] under President [[George Washington]]. The Republicans and the opposing [[Federalist Party]] each became more cohesive during Washington's second term, partly as a result of the debate over the [[Jay Treaty]]. Though he was defeated by Federalist [[John Adams]] in the [[1796 United States presidential election|1796 presidential election]], Jefferson and his Republican allies came into power following the 1800 elections. As president, Jefferson presided over a reduction in the national debt and government spending, and completed the [[Louisiana Purchase]] with [[French First Republic|France]].

Madison succeeded Jefferson as president in 1809 and led the country during the largely inconclusive [[War of 1812]] with [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. After the war, Madison and his congressional allies established the [[Second Bank of the United States]] and implemented protective [[Tariffs in United States history|tariffs]], marking a move away from the party's earlier emphasis on [[states' rights]] and a strict construction of the [[United States Constitution]]. The Federalists collapsed after 1815, beginning a period known as the [[Era of Good Feelings]]. Lacking an effective opposition, the Republicans split into rival groups after the [[1824 United States presidential election|1824 presidential election]]: one faction supported President [[John Quincy Adams]] and became known as the [[National Republican Party]] which later merged into the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]], while another faction, one that believed in [[Jeffersonian democracy]], backed General [[Andrew Jackson]] and became the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].

Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the aristocratic tendencies of the Federalists. During the 1790s, the party strongly opposed Federalist programs, including the [[History of central banking in the United States|national bank]]. After the War of 1812, Madison and many other party leaders came to accept the need for a national bank and federally funded infrastructure projects. In foreign affairs, the party advocated western expansion and tended to favor France over Britain, though the party's pro-French stance faded after [[Napoleon]] took power. The Democratic-Republicans were strongest in the [[Southern United States|South]] and the [[American frontier|western frontier]], and weakest in [[New England]].