Editing Desegregation busing (section)

{{Short description|Failed attempt to racially diversify American public schools}}
{{Redirect|Busing || Busing (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Integrated busing in Charlotte, North Carolina.jpg|thumb|Integrated busing in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], February 1973|260x260px]]
{{Education in the U.S.}}
'''Desegregation busing''' (also known simply as '''busing''' or '''integrated busing''' or '''forced busing''') was an attempt to diversify the racial make-up of schools in the United States by transporting students to more distant schools with less diverse student populations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-busing-joe-biden-kamala-harris-1446429 |title=What is busing? Joe Biden forced to defend record of segregation in face of Kamala Harris attacks |author=Zhao, Christina |work=Newsweek |date=June 27, 2019 |access-date=June 28, 2019}}</ref> 

While the 1954 [[U.S. Supreme Court]] landmark decision in ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' declared racial segregation in [[state school|public schools]] unconstitutional, many American schools continued to remain largely racially homogeneous.  In an effort to address the ongoing ''[[de facto]]'' segregation in schools, the 1971 Supreme Court decision, ''[[Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education]]'', ruled that the federal courts could use busing as a further integration tool to achieve racial balance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/10/23/forced-busing-didnt-fail-desegregation-is-the-best-way-to-improve-our-schools/ |title='Forced busing' didn't fail. Desegregation is the best way to improve our schools. |last=Theoharis |first=George |date=October 23, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=January 15, 2019}}</ref>

Busing met considerable opposition from both white and black people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Formisano |first=Ronald P. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1058531778 |title=Boston Against Busing : Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s. |date=January 2012 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-6970-3 |oclc=1058531778}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Delmont |first=Matthew F. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1107279446 |title=Why busing failed : race, media, and the national resistance to school desegregation |publisher=University of California Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-520-28425-8 |oclc=1107279446}}</ref> The policy may have contributed to the movement of large numbers of white families to suburbs of large cities, a phenomenon known as [[white flight]], which further reduced the effectiveness of the policy.<ref name="'70s 252">{{cite book |title=How We Got Here: The '70s |last=Frum |first=David |author-link=David Frum |year=2000 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-465-04195-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/252 252–264] |url=https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/252}}</ref> Many whites who stayed moved their children into [[private school|private]] or [[parochial school]]s; these effects combined to make many urban school districts predominantly non-white, reducing any effectiveness mandatory busing may have had.<ref name="'70s 252" />