Editing Diapsid (section)

{{short description|Clade of reptiles with two holes in each side of their skulls}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Diapsid reptiles
| fossil_range = [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian]]–[[Holocene|Present]], {{Fossil range|302|0}}
| image = Petrolacosaurus skull diagram.png
| image_caption = Skull diagram of the [[araeoscelidia]]n ''[[Petrolacosaurus kansensis]]''
| image2 = Nile crocodile head.jpg
| image2_caption = [[Nile crocodile]] (''Crocodylus niloticus'')
| taxon = Diapsida
| authority = [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn]], 1903
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision = *{{extinct}}''[[Dolerosaurus]]''
* {{extinct}}[[Araeoscelidia]]?
* {{extinct}}[[Millerettidae]]？
* {{extinct}}[[Parareptilia]]?
*'''Neodiapsida'''
**{{extinct}}''[[Acallosuchus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Akkedops]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Claudiosaurus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Elachistosuchus]]'' 
**{{extinct}}''[[Eunotosaurus]]''?
**{{extinct}}''[[Kenyasaurus]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Kudnu]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Lanthanolania]]''?
**{{extinct}}''[[Maiothisavros]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Longisquama]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Orovenator]]''?
**{{extinct}}''[[Palacrodon]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Palaeagama]]''
**{{extinct}}''[[Saurosternon]]''
**{{extinct}}[[Younginiformes]] (possibly paraphyletic)
***{{extinct}}[[Tangasauridae]]
***{{extinct}}[[Younginidae]]
**{{extinct}}[[Avicephala]] (possibly non-monophyletic)
***{{extinct}}[[Drepanosauromorpha]]
***{{extinct}}[[Weigeltisauridae]]
***{{extinct}}''[[Longisquama]]''?
**'''{{extinct}}[[Ichthyosauromorpha]]'''
**'''{{extinct}}[[Sauropterygia]]'''
**{{extinct}}[[Thalattosauria]]
**'''{{extinct}}[[Choristodera]]'''
**'''[[Sauria]] (modern reptiles and birds)'''
}}
'''Diapsids''' ("two arches") are a clade of [[sauropsids]], distinguished from more primitive [[eureptiles]] by the presence of two holes, known as [[temporal fenestra]]e, in each side of their [[skull]]s. The earliest traditionally identified diapsids, the [[Araeoscelidia|araeoscelidians]], appeared about three hundred [[million years ago]] during the late [[Carboniferous]] period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/verts/diapsida.php|title=Diapsida|website=ucmp.berkeley.edu}}</ref> All diapsids other than the most primitive ones in the clade Araeoscelidia are often placed into the clade '''Neodiapsida'''. The diapsids are extremely diverse, and include birds and all modern reptile groups, including [[turtle]]s, which were historically thought to lie outside the group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schoch |first1=Rainer R. |last2=Sues |first2=Hans-Dieter |author-link2=Hans-Dieter Sues |year=2016 |title=The diapsid origin of turtles |journal=Zoology |volume=119 |issue=3 |pages=159–161 |doi=10.1016/j.zool.2016.01.004 |pmid=26934902|bibcode=2016Zool..119..159S }}</ref> All modern reptiles and birds are placed within the neodiapsid subclade [[Sauria]]. Although some diapsids have lost either one hole (lizards), or both holes (snakes and turtles), or have a heavily restructured skull (modern birds), they are still [[scientific classification|classified]] as diapsids based on their ancestry. At least 17,084 [[species]] of diapsid animals are extant: 9,159 birds,<ref name="Barrow">{{cite journal |last1=Barrowclough |first1=George F. |last2=Cracraft |first2=Joel |last3=Klicka |first3=John |last4=Zink |first4=Robert M. |name-list-style=and |date=23 November 2016 |editor-last=Green |editor-first=Andy J |title=How Many Kinds of Birds Are There and Why Does It Matter? |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=e0166307 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1166307B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0166307 |pmc=5120813 |pmid=27880775 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and 7,925 snakes, lizards, [[tuatara]], turtles, and crocodiles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reeder |first1=Tod W. |last2=Townsend |first2=Ted M. |last3=Mulcahy |first3=Daniel G. |last4=Noonan |first4=Brice P. |last5=Wood |first5=Perry L. Jr. |last6=Sites |first6=Jack W. Jr. |last7=Wiens |first7=John J. |name-list-style=and |year=2015 |editor-last=Wilf |editor-first=Peter |title=Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=e0118199 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018199R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118199 |pmc=4372529 |pmid=25803280 |doi-access=free}}</ref>