Editing Diffuse axonal injury (section)

{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Diffuse axonal injury
| image           = Compare SWI and GRE Trauma.png
| caption         = Two [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] images of a patient with diffuse axonal injury resulting from trauma, at 1.5 [[Tesla (unit)|tesla]] field strength. Left: conventional [[gradient recalled echo]] (GRE). Right: [[Susceptibility weighted image]] (SWI).
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| field           =  neurology
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'''Diffuse axonal injury''' ('''DAI''') is a [[brain injury]] in which scattered [[lesion]]s occur over a widespread area in [[white matter]] tracts as well as [[gray matter|grey matter]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Strich SJ | title = Diffuse degeneration of the cerebral white matter in severe dementia following head injury | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 163–85 | date = August 1956 | pmid = 13357957 | pmc = 497203 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp.19.3.163 }}</ref><ref name="Axonal change in minor head injury">{{cite journal | vauthors = Povlishock JT, Becker DP, Cheng CL, Vaughan GW | title = Axonal change in minor head injury | journal = Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 225–42 | date = May 1983 | pmid = 6188807 | doi = 10.1097/00005072-198305000-00002 | s2cid = 24260379 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adams JH | title = Diffuse axonal injury in non-missile head injury | journal = Injury | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 444–5 | date = March 1982 | pmid = 7085064 | doi = 10.1016/0020-1383(82)90105-X | url = http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/54/6/481 | url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Christman CW, Grady MS, Walker SA, Holloway KL, Povlishock JT | title = Ultrastructural studies of diffuse axonal injury in humans | journal = Journal of Neurotrauma | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 173–86 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 7523685 | doi = 10.1089/neu.1994.11.173 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Povlishock JT, Christman CW | title = The pathobiology of traumatically induced axonal injury in animals and humans: a review of current thoughts | journal = Journal of Neurotrauma | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 555–64 | date = August 1995 | pmid = 8683606 | doi = 10.1089/neu.1995.12.555 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vascak M, Jin X, Jacobs KM, Povlishock JT | title = Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Structural and Functional Disconnection of Local Neocortical Inhibitory Networks via Parvalbumin Interneuron Diffuse Axonal Injury | journal = Cerebral Cortex | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 1625–1644 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 28334184 | pmc = 5907353 | doi = 10.1093/cercor/bhx058 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith DH, Hicks R, Povlishock JT | title = Therapy development for diffuse axonal injury | journal = Journal of Neurotrauma | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 307–23 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23252624 | pmc = 3627407 | doi = 10.1089/neu.2012.2825 }}</ref> DAI is one of the most common and devastating types of [[traumatic brain injury]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Povlishock JT, Katz DI | title = Update of neuropathology and neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury | journal = The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 76–94 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15668572 | doi = 10.1097/00001199-200501000-00008 | s2cid = 1094129 }}</ref> and is a major cause of unconsciousness and [[persistent vegetative state]] after severe head trauma.<ref name="Wasserman">Wasserman J. and Koenigsberg R.A. (2007). [http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic216.htm Diffuse axonal injury]. Emedicine.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-26.</ref> It occurs in about half of all cases of severe [[head injury|head trauma]] and may be the primary damage that occurs in [[concussion]]. The outcome is frequently [[coma]], with over 90% of patients with severe DAI never regaining consciousness.<ref name="Wasserman"/> Those who awaken from the coma often remain significantly impaired.<ref name="Vinas">Vinas F.C. and Pilitsis J. (2006). [http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2888.htm Penetrating head trauma]. Emedicine.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.</ref>

DAI can occur across the spectrum of traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity, wherein the burden of injury increases from mild to severe.<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith DH, Meaney DF | title = Axonal damage in traumatic brain injury. | journal = The Neuroscientist | date = December 2000 | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = 483–95 | doi = 10.1177/107385840000600611 | s2cid = 86550146 }}</ref><ref name="Blumbergs PC 1995">{{cite journal | vauthors = Blumbergs PC, Scott G, Manavis J, Wainwright H, Simpson DA, McLean AJ | title = Topography of axonal injury as defined by amyloid precursor protein and the sector scoring method in mild and severe closed head injury | journal = Journal of Neurotrauma | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 565–72 | date = August 1995 | pmid = 8683607 | doi = 10.1089/neu.1995.12.565 }}</ref> Concussion may be a milder type of diffuse axonal injury.<ref name="Blumbergs PC 1995"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bazarian JJ, Blyth B, Cimpello L | title = Bench to bedside: evidence for brain injury after concussion--looking beyond the computed tomography scan | journal = Academic Emergency Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–214 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16436787 | doi = 10.1197/j.aem.2005.07.031 | doi-access = free }}</ref>