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Disability studies
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{{Short description|Academic discipline examining the meaning, nature, and consequences of disability}} {{Disability}} '''Disability studies''' is an academic discipline that examines the meaning, nature, and consequences of [[disability]]. Initially, the field focused on the division between "impairment" and "disability", where impairment was an impairment of an individual's mind or body, while disability was considered a [[social constructionism|social construct]].<ref name=MLA>{{cite web|title=Session Details: Avenues of Access: The State of Disability Studies|url=https://apps.mla.org/conv_listings_detail?prog_id=570&year=2013|website=Modern Language Association|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> This premise gave rise to two distinct [[models of disability]]: the [[Social model of disability|social]] and [[medical model of disability|medical]] models of disability. In 1999 the social model was universally accepted as the model preferred by the field.<ref name=Models1999>{{cite journal|last1=Bickenbacha|first1=Jerome E|last2=Chatterji|first2=Somnath|last3=Badley|first3=E.M.|last4=ΓstΓΌn|first4=T.B.|title=Models of disablement, universalism and the international classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps|journal=Social Science & Medicine|date=1999|volume=48|issue=9|pages=1173β1187|doi=10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00441-9|pmid=10220018}}</ref> However, in recent years, the division between the social and medical models has been challenged.<ref name=MLA/><ref name="anti-social">{{cite journal|last1=Dewsbury|first1=Guy|last2=Karen|first2=Clarke|last3=Randallb|first3=Dave|last4=Rouncefield|first4=Mark|last5=Sommerville|first5=Ian|title=The anti-social model of disability|journal=Disability & Society|date=Oct 2010|volume=19|issue=2|pages=145β158|doi=10.1080/0968759042000181776|citeseerx=10.1.1.140.9006|s2cid=17182964}}<!--|access-date=26 March 2015--></ref> Alternative [[models of disability]] have increased, allowing for greater complexity and specificity in how disability is theorized.<ref name="highed">{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Nancy J. |last2=Broido |first2=Ellen M. |last3=Brown |first3=Kirsten R. |last4=Wilke |first4=Autumn K. |title=Disability in higher education: a social justice approach |date=2016 |publisher=Wiley |location=Hoboken NJ |isbn=9781118018224 |pages=54β90 |url=https://in.nau.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/189/Disability-Models-Article.pdf}}</ref><ref name="goldiner">{{cite journal |last1=Goldiner |title=Understanding "Disability" as a Cluster of Disability Models|first1=Adi |journal=The Journal of Philosophy of Disability|date=2022 |volume=2 |pages=28β54 |doi=10.5840/jpd20224411}}</ref> Additionally, there has been an increased focus on interdisciplinary research.<ref name=SDSWhatIs>{{cite web|title=what is disability studies?|url=https://www.disstudies.org/about/what_is_ds|website=Society for Disability Studies|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115835/https://www.disstudies.org/about/what_is_ds|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> For example, recent investigations suggest using "cross-sectional markers of stratification"<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Siordia | first1 = C | year = 2014 | title = Disability Prevalence According to a Class, Race, and Sex (CRS) Hypothesis | journal = Journal of Racial & Ethnic Health Disparities | volume = 2| issue = 3| pages = 303β310| doi = 10.1007/s40615-014-0073-8 | pmid = 26539340 | pmc = 4628829}}</ref> may help provide new insights on the non-random distribution of risk factors capable of worsening the disablement processes. Such risk factors can be acute or chronic stressors, which can increase cumulative risk factors (overeating, excessive drinking, etc.) The decline of immune function with age and decrease of inter-personal relationships which can impact cognitive function with age.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=House |first=James S. |date=1994 |title=The Social Stratification of Aging and Health |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2137277.pdf |journal=Journal of Health and Behaviour |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=213β215 |doi=10.2307/2137277 |jstor=2137277 |pmid=7983335 }}</ref> Disability studies courses include work in disability history, theory, legislation, policy, ethics, and the arts. However, students are taught to focus on the lived experiences of individuals with disabilities in practical terms. The field is focused on increasing individuals with disabilities access to [[civil rights]] and improving their [[quality of life]].<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|last1=Capuzzi Simon|first1=Cecilia|title=Disability Studies: A New Normal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/education/edlife/disability-studies-a-new-normal.html|access-date=26 March 2015|work=The New York Times|date=1 November 2013}}</ref> Disability studies emerged in the 1980s primarily in the US, the UK, and Canada. In 1986, the Section for the Study of Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability of the Social Science Association (United States) was renamed the [[Society for Disability Studies]].<ref name=SDSMissionandHistory>{{cite web|title=Mission and History|url=https://www.disstudies.org/about/mission-and-history|website=Society for Disability Studies|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321113924/http://disstudies.org/about/mission-and-history|archive-date=21 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first US disabilities studies program emerged in 1994 at [[Syracuse University]].<ref name=NYT/> The first edition of the ''Disabilities Studies Reader'' (one of the first collections of academic papers related to disability studies) was published in 1997.<ref name=Davis>{{harvnb|Davis|1997}}</ref> The field grew rapidly over the next ten years. In 2005, the [[Modern Language Association]] established disability studies as a "division of study".<ref name=NYT/> While disability studies primarily emerged in the US, the UK, and Canada, disability studies were also conducted in other countries through different lenses. For instance, Germany has been involved with queer disability studies since the beginning of the early 20th century. The disability studies in Germany are influenced by the written literary works of feminist sexologists who study how being disabled affects one's sexuality and ability to feel pleasure. In Norway, disability studies are focused on the literary context.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leng|first=Kirsten|date=July 2019|title=Historicising 'Compulsory Able-bodiedness': The history of sexology meets Queer Disability Studies.|journal=Gender & History|volume=31|issue=2|pages=319β333|doi=10.1111/1468-0424.12428|s2cid=198766806 |via=Academic Search Premier}}</ref> A variation emerged in 2017 with the first accessibility studies program at Central Washington University with an interdisciplinary focus on social justice, universal design, and international Web Accessibility Guidelines (WAG3) as a general education knowledge base.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Petersen|first1=Naomi Jeffery|chapter=1. Accessibility and Acceptance for University Students with Diverse Abilities|date=2018-11-26|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s2055-364120180000014003|title=Perspectives on Diverse Student Identities in Higher Education: International Perspectives on Equity and Inclusion|pages=13β28|publisher=Emerald Publishing |access-date=2021-08-21|last2=Gruberg|first2=Sandra J.|series=Innovations in Higher Education Teaching and Learning|volume=14|doi=10.1108/s2055-364120180000014003|isbn=978-1-78756-053-6|s2cid=158394865 }}</ref>
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