Editing Disseminated intravascular coagulation (section)

{{Short description|Medical condition where blood clots block small blood vessels}}
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{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Disseminated intravascular coagulation
| synonyms        = Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, consumptive coagulopathy, defibrination syndrome<ref name=NIH2017/>
| image           = Acute_thrombotic_microangiopathy_-_pas_-_very_high_mag.jpg
| caption         = [[Micrograph]] showing acute [[thrombotic microangiopathy]] due to DIC in a [[kidney biopsy]]. A [[thrombus|clot]] is present in the [[Hilum (anatomy)|hilum]] of the [[Glomerulus (kidney)|glomerulus]] (center of image).
|field= [[Hematology]]
| symptoms        = [[Chest pain]], [[shortness of breath]], leg pain, problems speaking, problems moving part of the body, bleeding<ref name=NIH2017/>
| complications   = [[Organ failure]]<ref name=Mer2016/>
| onset           =
| duration        =
| types           = Acute, chronic<ref name=NIH2017/>
| causes          = [[Sepsis]], [[surgery]], [[major trauma]], [[cancer]], [[complications of pregnancy]], [[snake bites]], [[frostbite]], [[burn]]s<ref name=NIH2017/>
| risks           =
| diagnosis       = [[Blood tests]]<ref name=Mer2016/>
| differential    = [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[hemolytic-uremic syndrome]]<ref name=NIH2017/>
| prevention      =
| treatment       = Directed at the underlying condition<ref name=Levi2007/>
| medication      = [[platelet transfusion|Platelets]], [[cryoprecipitate]], [[fresh frozen plasma]], [[heparin]]<ref name=Mer2016/>
| prognosis       = 20–50% risk of death<ref name=Nat2016/>
| frequency       = 1% of people admitted to hospital<ref name=Nat2016/>
| deaths          =
}}
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
'''Disseminated intravascular coagulation''' ('''DIC''') is a condition in which [[blood clot]]s form throughout the body, blocking [[Microvessel|small blood vessels]].<ref name=NIH2017/> Symptoms may include [[chest pain]], [[shortness of breath]], leg pain, problems speaking, or problems moving parts of the body.<ref name=NIH2017/> As [[clotting factors]] and [[platelet]]s are used up, [[bleeding]] may occur.<ref name=NIH2017>{{cite web|title=Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation {{!}} NHLBI, NIH|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation|publisher=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=20 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> This may include [[hematuria|blood in the urine]], [[GI bleed|blood in the stool]], or bleeding into the skin.<ref name=NIH2017/> Complications may include [[organ failure]].<ref name=Mer2016/>

<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
Relatively common causes include [[sepsis]], [[surgery]], [[major trauma]], [[cancer]], and [[complications of pregnancy]].<ref name=NIH2017/> Less common causes include [[snake bites]], [[frostbite]], and [[burn]]s.<ref name=NIH2017/> There are two main types: acute (rapid onset) and chronic (slow onset).<ref name=NIH2017/> Diagnosis is typically based on [[blood tests]].<ref name=Mer2016/> Findings may include [[thrombocytopenia|low platelets]], low [[fibrinogen]], high [[International normalized ratio|INR]], or high [[D-dimer]].<ref name=Mer2016>{{cite web|title=Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - Hematology and Oncology|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/hematology-and-oncology/coagulation-disorders/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-dic|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=20 December 2017|language=en-CA|date=September 2016}}</ref>

<!-- Treatment and epidemiology -->
Treatment is mainly directed towards the underlying condition.<ref name=Mer2016/><ref name=Levi2007>{{cite journal|last=Levi|first=M|s2cid=7158989|title=Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation|journal=Critical Care Medicine|year=2007|volume=35|issue=9|pages=2191–2195|pmid=17855836|doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000281468.94108.4B}}</ref> Other measures may include giving [[platelet transfusion|platelets]], [[cryoprecipitate]], or [[fresh frozen plasma]].<ref name=Mer2016/> Evidence to support these treatments, however, is poor.<ref name=Mer2016/> [[Heparin]] may be useful in the slowly developing form.<ref name=Mer2016/> About 1% of people admitted to hospital are affected by the condition.<ref name=Nat2016/> In those with sepsis, rates are between 20% and 50%.<ref name=Nat2016/> The risk of death among those affected varies from 20% to 50%.<ref name=Nat2016>{{cite journal|last1=Gando|first1=Satoshi|last2=Levi|first2=Marcel|last3=Toh|first3=Cheng-Hock|s2cid=4059451|title=Disseminated intravascular coagulation|journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers|date=2 June 2016|volume=2|pages=16037|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.37|pmid=27250996}}</ref>