Editing Distributed cognition (section)

{{Short description|Psychologic theory}}
{{Lead too long|date=March 2025}}
'''Distributed cognition''' is an approach to [[cognitive science]] research that was developed by cognitive anthropologist [[Edwin Hutchins]] during the 1990s.<ref name="Cognition in the wild">{{cite book | vauthors = Hutchins E |title=Cognition in the wild |date=1995 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-262-58146-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CGIaNc3F1MgC}}</ref>

From cognitive ethnography, Hutchins argues that mental representations, which classical cognitive science held that are within the individual brain, are actually distributed in sociocultural systems that constitute the tools to think and perceive the world. Thus, a native of the Carolina Islands can perceive the sky and organize his perceptions of the constellations typical of his culture (the groupings of stars are different than in the traditional constellations of the West) and use the position of the stars in the sky as a map to orient himself in space while sailing overnight in a canoe.<ref name="Cognition in the wild"/>

According to Hutchins, cognition involves not only the brain but also external artifacts, work teams made up of several people, and cultural systems for interpreting reality (mythical, scientific, or otherwise).

Distributed cognition theory is part of the interdisciplinary field of [[embodied cognitive science]], also called [[embodied cognition]].

Hutchins' distributed cognition theory influenced philosopher Andy Clark, who shortly after proposed his own version of the theory, calling it "extended cognition" (see, for example, the paper ''[[The Extended Mind]]'').

Hutchins' distributed cognition theory explains mental processes by taking as the fundamental unit of analysis "a collection of individuals and artifacts and their relations to each other in a particular work practice".<ref name = "Rogers_1994">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rogers Y, Ellis J | title = Distributed cognition: an alternative framework for analysing and explaining collaborative working. | journal = Journal of Information Technology | date = June 1994 | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–28 | doi = 10.1177/026839629400900203 | s2cid = 219981758 | url = http://www.dourish.com/classes/ics234bs03/14-RogersEllis-DistCog.pdf }}</ref>

"DCog" is a specific approach to distributed cognition (distinct from other meanings)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s13164-013-0131-x |issn=1878-5158 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 | vauthors = Michaelian K, Sutton J |title=Distributed Cognition and Memory Research: History and Current Directions |journal=Review of Philosophy and Psychology |date=2013-02-20 |hdl=11693/37950 |s2cid=9818565 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> which takes a computational perspective towards goal-based activity systems.<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Perry M |title=Some simple definitions in Distributed Cognition (DCog) |url=http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~cssrmjp/homefiles/home.html|access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref>

The distributed cognition approach uses insights from [[cultural anthropology]], [[sociology]], [[embodied cognitive science]], and the psychology of [[Lev Vygotsky]] (cf. [[cultural-historical psychology]]). It emphasizes the ways that cognition is off-loaded into the environment through social and technological means. It is a framework for studying cognition rather than a type of cognition. This framework involves the coordination between individuals, artifacts and the environment.

According to Zhang & Norman (1994),<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1207/s15516709cog1801_3|title = Representations in Distributed Cognitive Tasks| journal=Cognitive Science| volume=18| pages=87–122|year = 1994| vauthors = Zhang J, Norman DA | doi-access=free}}</ref> the distributed cognition approach has three key components:
# [[Embodied cognition|Embodiment]] of information that is embedded in representations of interaction
# Coordination of [[Enactivism|enaction]] among [[embodied agent]]s
# Ecological contributions to a cognitive ecosystem

DCog studies the "propagation of representational states across media".<ref name = "Rogers_1994" /> Mental content is considered to be non-reducible to individual cognition and is more properly understood as off-loaded and extended into the environment, where information is also made available to other agents (Heylighen, Heath, & Overwalle, 2003). It is often understood as an approach in specific opposition to earlier and still prevalent "brain in a vat" models which ignore "situatedness, embodiment and enaction" as key to any cognitive act (Ibid.).

These representation-based frameworks consider distributed cognition as "a cognitive system whose structures and processes are distributed between internal and external representations, across a group of individuals, and across space and time" (Zhang and Patel, 2006). In general terms, they consider a distributed cognition system to have two components: internal and external representations. In their description, internal representations are knowledge and structure in individuals' minds while external representations are knowledge and structure in the external environment (Zhang, 1997b; Zhang and Norman, 1994).

DCog studies the ways that memories, facts, or knowledge is embedded in the objects, individuals, and tools in our environment. DCog is a useful approach for designing the technologically mediated social aspects of cognition by putting emphasis on the individual and his/her environment, and the media channels with which people interact, either in order to communicate with each other, or socially coordinate to perform complex tasks. Distributed cognition views a system of cognition as a set of representations propagated through specific media, and models the interchange of information between these representational media. These representations can be either in the [[mental space]] of the participants or external representations available in the environment.

These interactions can be categorized into three distinct types of processes:<ref name = "Hollan_2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hollan J, Hutchins E, Kirsh D | title = Distributed cognition: toward a new foundation for human-computer interaction research. | date = June 2000 | url = https://philpapers.org/archive/DAVDCT.pdf | publisher = ACM Press | location = New York | journal = ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 174–96 | doi = 10.1145/353485.353487 | s2cid = 1490533 }}</ref>   
# Cognitive processes may be distributed across the members of a social group.
# Cognitive processes may be distributed in the sense that the operation of the cognitive system involves coordination between internal and external (material or environmental) structure.
# Processes may be distributed through time in such a way that the products of earlier events can transform the nature of related events.