Editing Documentary hypothesis (section)

{{Short description|Hypothesis to explain the origins and composition of the Torah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Modern document hypothesis.svg|thumb|Diagram of the 20th century documentary hypothesis:
{{unbulleted list|J: [[Jahwist|Yahwist]] (10th–9th century BCE){{sfn|Viviano|1999|p=40}}{{sfn|Gmirkin|2006|p=4}}|E: [[Elohist]] (9th century BCE){{sfn|Viviano|1999|p=40}}|Dtr1: early (7th century BCE) [[Deuteronomist]] historian|Dtr2: later (6th century BCE) [[Deuteronomist]] historian|P*: [[Priestly source|Priestly]] (6th–5th century BCE){{sfn|Viviano|1999|p=41}}{{sfn|Gmirkin|2006|p=4}}|D†: [[Deuteronomist]]|R: redactor|DH: [[Deuteronomist#Deuteronomistic history|Deuteronomistic history]] (books of [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]], [[Book of Judges|Judges]], [[Books of Samuel|Samuel]], [[Books of Kings|Kings]])}}]]

The '''documentary hypothesis''' ('''DH''') is one of the models used by biblical scholars to explain the origins and [[composition of the Torah]] (or [[Pentateuch]], the first five books of the Bible: [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]], [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]], [[Leviticus]], [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]], and [[Deuteronomy]]).{{sfn|Patzia|Petrotta|2010|p=37}} A version of the documentary hypothesis, frequently identified with the German scholar [[Julius Wellhausen]], was almost universally accepted for most of the 20th century.{{sfn|Carr|2014|p=434}} It posited that the Pentateuch is a compilation of four originally independent documents: the [[Jahwist]], [[Elohist]], [[Deuteronomist]], and [[Priestly source|Priestly]] sources, frequently referred to by their initials.<ref group="Note">hence the alternative name ''JEDP'' for the documentary hypothesis</ref> The first of these, J, was dated to the [[Solomon|Solomonic period]] (c. 950 BCE).{{sfn|Viviano|1999|p=40}} E was dated somewhat later, in the 9th century BCE, and D was dated just before the reign of [[Josiah|King Josiah]], in the 7th or 8th century BCE. Finally, P was generally dated to the time of [[Ezra]] in the 5th century BCE.{{sfn|Viviano|1999|p=41}}{{sfn|Gmirkin|2006|p=4}} The sources would have been joined at various points in time by a series of editors or "redactors".{{sfn|Van Seters|2015|p=viii}}

The consensus around the classical documentary hypothesis has now collapsed.{{sfn|Carr|2014|p=434}} This was triggered in large part by the influential publications of [[John Van Seters]], [[Hans Heinrich Schmid]], and [[Rolf Rendtorff]] in the mid-1970s,{{sfn|Van Seters|2015|p=41}} who argued that J was to be dated no earlier than the time of the [[Babylonian captivity]] (597–539 BCE),{{sfn|Van Seters|2015|pp=41–43}} and rejected the existence of a substantial E source.{{sfn|Carr|2014|p=436}} They also called into question the nature and extent of the three other sources. Van Seters, Schmid, and Rendtorff shared many of the same criticisms of the documentary hypothesis, but were not in complete agreement about what paradigm ought to replace it.{{sfn|Van Seters|2015|p=41}} As a result, there has been a revival of interest in "fragmentary" and "[[Supplementary_hypothesis|supplementary]]" models, frequently in combination with each other and with a documentary model, making it difficult to classify contemporary theories as strictly one or another.{{sfn|Van Seters|2015|p=12}} Modern scholars also have given up the classical Wellhausian dating of the sources, and generally see the completed Torah as a product of the [[Yehud Medinata|Achaemenid period]] (probably 450–350 BCE), although some would place its production as late as the [[Hellenistic period]] (333–164 BCE), after the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]].{{sfn|Greifenhagen|2003|pp=206–207, 224 fn.49}}