Editing Double jeopardy (section)

{{Short description|Legal defence preventing someone from being tried again on the same charges}}
{{hatnote group|
{{for-multi|the clause in the U.S. Constitution|Double Jeopardy Clause|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Multiple jeopardy}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Criminal procedure (trial)}}

In [[jurisprudence]], '''double jeopardy''' is a [[procedural defence]]<!-- please do not alter to "defense" – this article uses British spelling --> (primarily in [[common law]] jurisdictions) that prevents an accused person from being [[Trial|tried]] again on the same (or similar) charges following an [[acquittal]] or [[conviction]] and in rare cases [[Prosecutorial misconduct|prosecutorial]] and/or [[Judicial misconduct|judge misconduct]] in the same [[jurisdiction]].<ref name=historyOf5>{{cite journal |title=A Brief History of the Fifth Amendment Guarantee Against Double Jeopardy |first=David S. |last=Rudstein |url=http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1209&context=wmborj |date=2005 |journal=William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal |volume=14 |issue=1}}</ref> Double jeopardy is a common concept in [[criminal law]] – in [[Civil law (common law)|civil law]], a similar concept is that of {{lang|la|[[res judicata]]}}. The double jeopardy protection in criminal prosecutions bars only an identical prosecution for the same offence; however, a different offence may be charged on identical evidence at a second trial. ''Res judicata'' protection is stronger – it precludes any causes of action or claims that arise from a previously litigated subject matter.<ref>D Nimmer (1981). [https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/double-jeopardy-clause-bar-reintroducing-evidence-criminal-law#1-0 Double Jeopardy Clause as a Bar to Reintroducing Evidence] (From Criminal Law Review, 1981, P 301-320, James G Carr, ed.).</ref>

A variation in [[common law]] countries is the [[peremptory plea]], which may take the specific forms of {{lang|fr|autrefois acquit}} ('previously acquitted') or {{lang|fr|autrefois convict}} ('previously convicted'). These doctrines appear to have originated in ancient [[Roman law]], in the broader principle {{lang|la|[[non bis in idem]]}} ('not twice against the same').<ref>{{cite book |last=Buckland |first=W. W. |title=A Text-book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian |url=https://archive.org/details/textbookofromanl0000buck|url-access=registration|edition=3|date=1963|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge UP| pages=[https://archive.org/details/textbookofromanl0000buck/page/695 695–6]}}</ref>