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Drive by wire
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{{Short description|Automotive technology}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}} [[File:Erprobungsfahrzeug SpeedE der fka GmbH.jpg|thumb|right|SpeedE, an academic concept car developed for studying drive-by-wire technologies<ref name="SpeedEpapers"/>]] '''Drive by wire''' or '''DbW''' in the [[automotive industry]] is the [[technology]] that uses [[electronics]] or [[electro-mechanical]] systems in place of [[mechanical linkage]]s to control driving functions. The concept is similar to [[fly-by-wire]] in the aviation industry.<ref name="Assembly2010" /> Drive-by-wire may refer to just the [[ground propulsion|propulsion]] of the vehicle through [[electronic throttle control]],<ref name="Scheibert2023">{{cite book | doi=10.4271/2023-01-0581 | chapter=Challenges with the Introduction of X-By-Wire Technologies to Passenger Vehicles and Light Trucks in regards to Functional Safety, Cybersecurity and Availability | title=SAE Technical Paper Series | date=2023 | last1=Scheibert | first1=Klaus | last2=Kostarigka | first2=Artemis | last3=Dannebaum | first3=Udo | last4=Ambekar | first4=Abhijit | last5=Cai | first5=Wenlin | last6=Heidt | first6=Laurent | volume=1 | s2cid=258033364 }}</ref> or it may refer to electronic control over propulsion as well as [[steering]] and [[braking]], which separately are known as [[steer by wire]] and [[brake by wire]], along with electronic control over other vehicle [[driving]] functions.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1063/5.0113232 |chapter-url=https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article-abstract/2452/1/030001/2824443/Overview-of-drive-by-wire-technologies-in |volume=2452 |issue=1|bibcode=2022AIPC.2452c0001P |s2cid=253697706 |chapter=Overview of drive by wire technologies in automobiles |title=INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021 (ICoTRiCE2021) |date=2022 |last1=Pillai |first1=Arjun V. |last2=Manojkumar |first2=B. |series=AIP Conference Proceedings |page=030001 }}</ref> Driver input is traditionally transferred to the motor, wheels, and brakes through a [[mechanical linkage]] attached to controls such as a [[steering wheel]], [[car controls#Throttle control|throttle]] pedal, [[hydraulic brake]] pedal, [[parking brake#Pedal or pull handle|brake pull handle]], and so on, which apply mechanical forces. In drive-by-wire systems, driver input does not directly adjust a mechanical linkage, instead the input is processed by an [[electronic control unit]] which controls the vehicle using [[electromechanical]] [[actuators]]. The [[human–machine interface]], such as a steering wheel, yoke, accelerator pedal, brake pedal, and so on, may include [[haptic technology|haptic feedback]] that simulates the resistance of hydraulic and mechanical pedals and steering, including [[steering kickback]]. Components such as the steering column, intermediate shafts, pumps, hoses, belts, coolers, [[vacuum servo]]s and master cylinders are eliminated from the vehicle. Safety standards for drive-by-wire are specified by the [[ISO 26262]] standard [[Automotive Safety Integrity Level|level D]].
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