Editing Duplicating machines (section)

{{Short description|Machines to reproduce documents}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2009}}

'''Duplicating machines''' were the predecessors of modern document-reproduction technology. They have now been replaced by digital duplicators, [[image scanner|scanner]]s, [[laser printer]]s, and [[photocopier]]s, but for many years they were the primary means of reproducing documents for limited-run distribution. The duplicator was pioneered by [[Thomas Edison]] and [[David Gestetner]], with [[Gestetner]] dominating the market up until the late 1990s.

Like the [[typewriter]], these machines were products of the second phase of the [[Industrial Revolution]] which started near the end of the 19th century (also called the [[Second Industrial Revolution]]).<ref>{{cite web |first1=Joel |last1=Mokyr |first2=Robert H| last2=Strotz |date=August 1998 |title=The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870-1914 |url=https://sites.northwestern.edu/jmokyr/files/2016/06/The-Second-Industrial-Revolution-1870-1914-Aug-1998-1ubah7s.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916183356/https://sites.northwestern.edu/jmokyr/files/2016/06/The-Second-Industrial-Revolution-1870-1914-Aug-1998-1ubah7s.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-16 }}</ref> This second phase brought to mass markets technologies like the small electric motors and the products of industrial chemistry without which the duplicating machines would not have been economical.  By bringing greatly increased quantities of paperwork to daily life, the duplicating machine and the [[typewriter]] gradually changed the forms of the office [[desk]] and transformed the nature of [[office]] work.

They were often used in [[school]]s, churches, and small organizations, where revolutionarily economical copying was in demand for the production of newsletters and worksheets.  Self-publishers also used these machines to produce [[fanzine]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://p-dpa.net/tech/spirit-duplicator/ | title=Spirit Duplicator | accessdate=5 October 2014 | archive-date=6 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006123010/http://p-dpa.net/tech/spirit-duplicator/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Mimeo.jpg|frame|Mimeograph machine<br />stencil duplicator]] -->

A few alternatives to hand copying were invented between the mid-17th century and the late 18th century, but none were widely adopted for business use.