Editing Dutch-language literature (section)

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{more citations needed|date=March 2011}}
'''Dutch-language literature''' ({{Langx|nl|Nederlandstalige literatuur}}) comprises all writings of [[literature|literary merit]] written [[history of Dutch|through the ages]] in the [[Dutch language]], a language which currently has around 23 million native speakers. Dutch-language literature is the product of [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Suriname]], the [[Netherlands Antilles]] and of formerly Dutch-speaking regions, such as [[French Flanders]], [[South Africa]], and [[Indonesia]]. The [[Dutch East Indies]], as Indonesia was called under Dutch colonization, spawned a [[Dutch Indies literature|separate subsection]] in Dutch-language literature.<ref>Nieuwenhuys, Rob ''Mirror of the Indies: A History of Dutch Colonial Literature'' - translated from Dutch by E. M. Beekman (Publisher: Periplus, 1999) [https://books.google.com/books?id=I4I7D3U19OsC&q=Mirror+of+the+Indies:+a+history+of+Dutch+colonial+literature]</ref><ref>Beekman E.M. ''Fugitive dreams: an anthology of Dutch colonial literature'' (Publisher: [[University of Massachusetts Press]], Amherst, 1988) {{ISBN|0-87023-575-3}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=8MmLCXWy8SUC]</ref> Conversely, Dutch-language literature sometimes was and is produced by people originally from abroad who came to live in Dutch-speaking regions, such as [[Anne Frank]] and [[Kader Abdolah]]. In its earliest stages, Dutch-language literature is defined as those pieces of literary merit written in one of the Dutch dialects of the [[Low Countries]]. Before the 17th century, there was no unified standard language; the dialects that are considered Dutch evolved from [[Old Frankish]]. A separate [[Afrikaans literature]] started to emerge during the 19th century, and it shares the same literary roots as contemporary Dutch, as [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] evolved from 17th-century Dutch. The term Dutch literature may either indicate in a narrow sense literature from the Netherlands, or alternatively Dutch-language literature (as it is understood in this article).

Until the end of the 11th century, Dutch literature, like literature elsewhere in Europe, was almost entirely [[Speech communication|oral]] and in the form of [[poetry]]. In the 12th and 13th century, writers starting writing [[Romance (heroic literature)|chivalric romances]] and [[hagiography|hagiographies]] for noblemen. From the 13th century, literature became more didactic and developed a proto-national character, as it was written for the bourgeoisie. With the close of the 13th century a change appeared in Dutch literature. The Flemish and Hollandic towns began to prosper and a new sort of literary expression began. Around 1440, literary [[guild]]s called ''rederijkerskamers'' ("[[Chamber of rhetoric|Chambers of Rhetoric]]") arose which were usually [[middle-class]] in tone. Of these chambers, the earliest were almost entirely engaged in preparing [[mystery play|mysteries]] and [[miracle play]]s for the people.  [[Anna Bijns]] (c. 1494–1575) is an important figure who wrote in [[Dutch language|modern Dutch]]. The [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] appeared in Dutch literature in a collection of Psalm translations in 1540 and in a 1566 New Testament translation in Dutch. The greatest of all Dutch writers is widely considered to be the playwright and poet [[Joost van den Vondel]] (1587–1679).

During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the Low Countries had gone through major political upheaval. The most prominent writers were [[Willem Bilderdijk]] (1756–1831), [[Hiëronymus van Alphen]] (1746–1803), and [[Rhijnvis Feith]] (1753–1824). [[Piet Paaltjens]] ([[pseudonym|ps.]] of François Haverschmidt, 1835–1894) represents in Dutch the Romantic vein exemplified by [[Heinrich Heine|Heine]]. A new movement called ''Tachtigers'' or "Movement of (Eighteen-)Eighty", after the decade in which it arose. One of the most important historical writers of the 20th century was [[Johan Huizinga]], who is known abroad and translated in different languages and included in several [[great books]] lists. During the 1920s, a new group of writers who distanced themselves from the ornate style of the Movement of 1880 arose, led by [[Nescio]] (J.H.F. Grönloh, 1882–1961). During WW II, influential writers included [[Anne Frank]] (whose [[The Diary of a Young Girl|diary]] was published posthumously) died in a German [[concentration camp]], as did [[crime fiction]] writer, [[journalist]] and [[poet]] [[Jan Campert]]. Writers who had lived through the atrocities of the Second World War reflected in their works on the changed perception of reality. Obviously many looked back on their experiences the way [[Anne Frank]] had done in her Diary, this was the case with ''Het bittere kruid'' (The bitter herb) of [[Marga Minco]], and ''Kinderjaren'' (Childhood) of [[Jona Oberski]]. The renewal, which in literary history would be described as "ontluisterend realisme" (shocking realism), is mainly associated with three authors: [[Gerard Reve]], [[W.F. Hermans]] and [[Anna Blaman]]. Reve and Hermans are often cited together with [[Harry Mulisch]] as the "Big Three" of Dutch postwar literature.