Editing Emulsion polymerization (section)

{{short description|Polymerization reaction among insoluble monomers in a solution}}

In [[polymer chemistry]], '''emulsion polymerization''' is a type of [[radical polymerization]] that usually starts with an [[emulsion]] incorporating water, [[monomer]]s, and [[surfactant]]s. The most common type of emulsion polymerization is an oil-in-water emulsion, in which droplets of monomer (the oil) are emulsified (with surfactants) in a continuous phase of water. [[Water-soluble]] polymers, such as certain [[polyvinyl alcohol]]s or hydroxyethyl [[cellulose]]s, can also be used to act as emulsifiers/stabilizers. The name "emulsion polymerization" is a misnomer that arises from a historical misconception. Rather than occurring in emulsion droplets, polymerization takes place in the [[latex]]/[[colloid]] particles that form spontaneously in the first few minutes of the process. These latex particles are typically 100&nbsp;nm in size, and are made of many individual polymer chains. The particles are prevented from coagulating with each other because each particle is surrounded by the surfactant ('soap'); the charge on the surfactant repels other particles [[electrostatically]]. When water-soluble polymers are used as stabilizers instead of soap, the repulsion between particles arises because these water-soluble polymers form a 'hairy layer' around a particle that repels other particles, because pushing particles together would involve compressing these chains.

Emulsion polymerization is used to make several commercially important polymers. Many of these polymers are used as solid materials and must be isolated from the aqueous dispersion after polymerization. In other cases the dispersion itself is the end product. A dispersion resulting from emulsion polymerization is often called a [[latex]] (especially if derived from a [[synthetic rubber]]) or an emulsion (even though "emulsion" strictly speaking refers to a dispersion of an immiscible liquid in water). These emulsions find applications in [[adhesive]]s, [[paint]]s, paper coating and textile coatings. They are often preferred over solvent-based products in these applications due to the absence of [[volatile organic compounds]] (VOCs) in them.

{{Quote box
 |title = [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|IUPAC]] definition
 |quote = '''Emulsion polymerization''': [[Polymerization]] whereby monomer(s), initiator, dispersion<br/>medium, and possibly colloid stabilizer constitute initially an inhomogeneous system<br/>resulting in particles of colloidal dimensions containing the formed polymer.

''Note'': With the exception of ''mini-emulsion polymerization'', the term “emulsion polymerization”<br/>does not mean that polymerization occurs in the droplets of a monomer emulsion.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Terminology of polymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)|journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]]|year=2011|volume=83|issue=12|pages=2229–2259|doi=10.1351/PAC-REC-10-06-03|url=http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2011/pdf/8312x2229.pdf|last1=Slomkowski|first1=Stanislaw|last2=Alemán|first2=José V.|last3=Gilbert|first3=Robert G.|last4=Hess|first4=Michael|last5=Horie|first5=Kazuyuki|last6=Jones|first6=Richard G.|last7=Kubisa|first7=Przemyslaw|last8=Meisel|first8=Ingrid|last9=Mormann|first9=Werner|last10=Penczek|first10=Stanisław|last11=Stepto|first11=Robert F. T.|s2cid=96812603|access-date=2013-07-20|archive-date=2013-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020164408/http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2011/pdf/8312x2229.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Batch emulsion polymerization''': ''Emulsion polymerization'' in which all the ingredients are<br/>placed in a reactor prior to reaction.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Terminology of polymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)|journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]]|year=2011|volume=83|issue=12|pages=2229–2259|doi=10.1351/PAC-REC-10-06-03|url=http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2011/pdf/8312x2229.pdf|last1=Slomkowski|first1=Stanislaw|last2=Alemán|first2=José V.|last3=Gilbert|first3=Robert G.|last4=Hess|first4=Michael|last5=Horie|first5=Kazuyuki|last6=Jones|first6=Richard G.|last7=Kubisa|first7=Przemyslaw|last8=Meisel|first8=Ingrid|last9=Mormann|first9=Werner|last10=Penczek|first10=Stanisław|last11=Stepto|first11=Robert F. T.|s2cid=96812603|access-date=2013-07-20|archive-date=2013-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020164408/http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2011/pdf/8312x2229.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
}}

Advantages of emulsion polymerization include:<ref>Odian, G, ''Principles of Polymerization'', Wiley, New York</ref>
*High [[molecular weight]] polymers can be made at fast polymerization rates. By contrast, in bulk and solution [[free-radical polymerization]], there is a tradeoff between molecular weight and polymerization rate.
*The continuous water phase is an excellent [[Heat conduction|conductor]] of heat, enabling fast polymerization rates without loss of temperature control.
*Since [[polymer]] [[molecules]] are contained within the particles, the [[viscosity]] of the reaction medium remains close to that of water and is not dependent on [[molecular weight]].
*The final product can be used as is and does not generally need to be altered or processed.

Disadvantages of emulsion polymerization include:
*Surfactants and other polymerization [[adjuvants]] remain in the polymer or are difficult to remove
*For dry (isolated) polymers, water removal is an energy-intensive process
*Emulsion polymerizations are usually designed to operate at high conversion of monomer to polymer. This can result in significant [[Chain Transfer|chain transfer]] to polymer.
*Can not be used for condensation, ionic, or Ziegler-Natta polymerization, although some exceptions are known.