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Endorphins
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{{Short description|Hormones and neuropeptides}} {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}} {{Other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}} [[File:Met-enkephalin Structure.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Chemical structure of Met-enkephalin]] '''Endorphins''' (contracted from '''endogenous morphine''')<ref name="Endogenous steroids in humans">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM | title = Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review 2011 | journal = Folia Biologica | volume = 58 | issue = 2 | pages = 49–56 | date = 1515 | doi = 10.14712/fb2012058020049 | pmid = 22578954 | url = http://fb.cuni.cz/file/5635/FB2012A0008.pdf | quote = Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla. ... The apparently serendipitous finding of an opiate alkaloid-sensitive, opioid peptide-insensitive, µ3 opiate receptor subtype expressed by invertebrate immunocytes, human blood monocytes, macrophage cell lines, and human blood granulocytes provided compelling validating evidence for an autonomous role of endogenous morphine as a biologically important cellular signalling molecule (Stefano et al., 1993; Cruciani et al., 1994; Stefano and Scharrer, 1994; Makman et al., 1995). ... Human white blood cells have the ability to make and release morphine }}</ref><ref name="IUPHAR">{{cite web|date=15 March 2017|title=μ receptor|url=http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=319|access-date=28 December 2017|work=IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY|publisher=International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|quote=Comments: β-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand ... Morphine occurs endogenously.}}</ref><ref name"Chotima2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Poeaknapo C, Schmidt J, Brandsch M, Dräger B, Zenk MH | title = Endogenous formation of morphine in human cells | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 39 | pages = 14091–14096 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15383669 | pmc = 521124 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0405430101 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2004PNAS..10114091P }}</ref> are [[peptide]]s produced in the brain that block the perception of pain and increase feelings of wellbeing. They are produced and stored in the [[pituitary gland]] of the brain. Endorphins are [[endogenous]] [[painkiller]]s often produced in the brain and [[adrenal medulla]] during [[physical exercise]] or [[orgasm]] and inhibit pain, [[muscle cramps]], and relieve stress.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X | title = Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 338 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33396962 | pmc = 7796446 | doi = 10.3390/ijms22010338 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Howlett TA, Tomlin S, Ngahfoong L, Rees LH, Bullen BA, Skrinar GS, McArthur JW | title = Release of beta endorphin and met-enkephalin during exercise in normal women: response to training | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 288 | issue = 6435 | pages = 1950–1952 | date = June 1984 | pmid = 6329401 | pmc = 1442192 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.288.6435.1950 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldfarb AH, Jamurtas AZ | title = Beta-endorphin response to exercise. An update | journal = Sports Medicine | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 8–16 | date = July 1997 | pmid = 9257407 | doi = 10.2165/00007256-199724010-00002 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Endorphins: What They Are and How to Boost Them |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23040-endorphins |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref>
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