Editing Environmental Modification Convention (section)

{{Short description|1977 international treaty on environmental modification}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name                = Environmental Modification (ENMOD) Convention
| long_name           = Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
| image               =ENMOD Convention parties.svg
| image_width         =250px
| caption             =Participation in the Environmental Modification Convention{{legend|#00aa00|Parties}}
{{legend|#eeee00|Only signed}}
{{legend|#ff1111|Non-signatory}}
| type                =
| date_drafted        =10 December 1976
| date_signed         = 18 May 1977
| location_signed     = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
| date_sealed         =
| date_effective      = 5 October 1978
| condition_effective = Ratification by 20 states
| date_expiration     =
| signatories         = 48
| parties             = 78<ref name=undb>{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVI-1&chapter=26&clang=_en|title=Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques|work=United Nations|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> ([[List of parties to the Environmental Modification Convention|complete list]])
| depositor           = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
| language            =
| languages           =English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, and Spanish
| website             =
| wikisource          = Environmental Modification Convention
}}

The '''Environmental Modification Convention''' ('''ENMOD'''), formally the '''Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques''', is an international [[treaty]] prohibiting the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jarose |first=Joanna |date=2024 |title=A Sleeping Giant? The ENMOD Convention as a Limit on Intentional Environmental Harm in Armed Conflict and Beyond |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/sleeping-giant-the-enmod-convention-as-a-limit-on-intentional-environmental-harm-in-armed-conflict-and-beyond/94D65DE70EAD5F8722D16966ED3EAB28 |journal=American Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=468–511 |doi=10.1017/ajil.2024.15 |issn=0002-9300|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It opened for signature on 18 May 1977 in [[Geneva]] and entered into force on 5 October 1978.

The Convention bans [[weather warfare]], which is the use of [[weather modification]] techniques for the purposes of inducing damage or destruction. The [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] of 2010 would also ban some forms of weather modification or [[Climate engineering|geoengineering]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbd.int/cop10/|title=Welcome to COP 10|first=Biosafety|last=Unit|date=16 February 2015|website=cbd.int}}</ref>

Many states do not regard this as a complete ban on the use of [[herbicide]]s in warfare, such as [[Agent Orange]], but it does require case-by-case consideration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_rul_rule76 |title=Practice Relating to Rule 76. Herbicides |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross |year=2013 |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref>