Editing Environmental determinism (section)

{{Short description|Theory that a society's development is predetermined by its physical environment}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Original research|date=September 2023}}
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{{History of geography sidebar}}
{{Development economics sidebar}}
[[File:Europe topography map en.png|thumb|Topographical map of Europe]]
'''Environmental determinism''' (also known as '''climatic determinism''' or '''geographical determinism''') is the study of how the [[physical environment]] predisposes [[societies]] and [[State (polity)|states]] towards particular economic or [[social development theory|social developmental]] (or even more generally, cultural) trajectories.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://conceptually.org/concepts/determinism | title=Determinism: Explanation and examples | date=20 January 2019 | website=conceptually.org | access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> [[Jared Diamond]], [[Jeffrey Herbst]], [[Ian Morris (historian)|Ian Morris]], and other social scientists sparked a revival of the theory during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. This "neo-environmental determinism" school of thought examines how geographic and ecological forces influence [[state-building]], [[economic development]], and [[institutions]]. While archaic versions of the geographic interpretation were used to encourage [[colonialism]] and [[eurocentrism]], modern figures like Diamond use this approach to reject the [[racism]] in these explanations. Diamond argues that European powers were able to colonize, due to unique advantages bestowed by their environment, as opposed to any kind of inherent superiority.<ref name="Gilmartin 2009">{{cite book | last=Gilmartin | first=Mary | date=2009 | chapter=Colonialism/Imperialism | pages=115–123 | editor-last=Gallaher | editor-first=Carolyn | editor-last2=Dahlman | editor-first2=Carl T. | editor-last3=Gilmartin | editor-first3=Mary | editor-last4=Mountz | editor-first4=Alison | editor-last5=Shirlow | editor-first5=Peter | title=Key concepts in political geography | publisher=Sage | isbn=978-1-4129-4671-1 | oclc=192080009 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wau7IT__O80C&pg=PT129 <!-- https://books.google.com/books?id=XpBJclVnVdQC&pg=PT129 -->}}</ref><ref name="Sluyter 2003">{{cite journal | last1=Sluyter | first1=Ander | title=Neo-environmental determinism, intellectual damage control, and nature/society science | journal=Antipode | date=2003 | volume=35 | issue=4 | pages=813–817 | doi=10.1046/j.1467-8330.2003.00354.x | bibcode=2003Antip..35..813S | url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1086&context=geoanth_pubs| url-access=subscription }}</ref>