Editing Epithets in Homer (section)

{{Short description|Characteristic of the poetic style of Homer}}
A characteristic of [[Homer]]'s style is the use of [[epithet]]s, as in "rosy-fingered" Dawn or "swift-footed" [[Achilles]]. Epithets are used because of the constraints of the [[dactylic hexameter]] (i.e., it is convenient to have a stockpile of metrically fitting phrases to add to a name) and because of the oral transmission of the poems; they are [[mnemonic|mnemonic aids]] to the singer and the audience alike.<ref>Parry 1928: 5-10</ref>

Formulae in [[epic poetry]] from various [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] traditions may be traced to a common tradition.  For example, the phrase for "everlasting glory" or "undying fame" can be found in the [[Homeric Greek]] as {{lang|grc|κλέος ἄφθιτον}} / {{Transliteration|grc|kléos áphthiton}} and [[Vedic Sanskrit]] as {{lang|sa|श्रवो अक्षितम्}} / {{Transliteration|sa|śrávo ákṣitam}}.  These two phrases were, in terms of historical linguistics, equivalent in [[phonology]], [[accent (poetry)|accentuation]], and quantity (syllable length). In other words, they descend from a fragment of [[poetic diction]] (reconstructable as [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] {{PIE|*ḱléwos ń̥dʰgʷʰitom}}) which was handed down in parallel over many centuries, in continually diverging forms, by generations of singers whose ultimate ancestors shared an archetypal repertoire of poetic formulae and narrative themes.<ref>John Curtis Franklin, ''Structural Sympathies in Ancient Greek and South-Slavic Heroic Singing''.</ref>

In contrast to the more general term 'epithet' ({{lang|grc|ἐπίθετον}}), which is used in poetic contexts, for the [[ancient Greek religion]], the [[epiclesis]] ({{Transliteration|grc|epíklēsis}} ({{lang|grc|ἐπίκλησις}}; literally 'calling upon')) was used as the surname that was associated with a deity during religious [[invocation]]s.

Epithets alter the meaning of each noun to which they are attached.  They specify the existential nature of a noun; that is to say, Achilles is not called "swift-footed" only when he runs; it is a marker of a quality that does not change.  Special epithets, such as [[patronymics]], are used exclusively for particular subjects and distinguish them from others, while generic epithets are used of many subjects and speak less to their individual characters.  In these examples, the epithet can be contradictory to the present state of the subject: in ''[[Odyssey]]'' VI.74, for instance, [[Nausicaa]] takes her "radiant clothing", {{lang|grc|ἐσθῆτα φαεινήν}}, to be washed; since it is dirty, it is unlikely to be radiant.<ref>Parry 1971: 121</ref>