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Ergot
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{{Short description|Group of fungi of the genus Claviceps}} {{About|the fungi|the part of a horse's hoof|Ergot (horse anatomy)}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Ergot | image = Claviceps_purpurea_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-185.jpg | image_caption = ''Claviceps purpurea'' | taxon = Claviceps | authority = [[Edmond Tulasne|Tul.]], 1853 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = About 50, including:<br/> ''[[Claviceps africana]]''<br/> ''[[Claviceps fusiformis]]''<br/> ''[[Claviceps paspali]]''<br/> ''[[Claviceps purpurea]]''<br/> ''[[Claviceps sorghi]]''<br/> ''[[Claviceps zizaniae]]''<br/> ''Claviceps lutea'' ''[[Oryza sativa]]'' | synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}} * ''Balansiella'' <small>Henn. (1904)</small> * ''Ergotaetia'' <small>E.J. Quekett (1841)</small> * ''Kentrosporium'' <small>Wallr. (1844) [1842-44]</small> * ''Mothesia'' <small>Oddo & Tonolo (1967)</small> * ''Spermoedia'' <small>Fr. (1822)</small> * ''Sphacelia'' <small>Lév. (1827)</small> * ''Ustilaginula'' <small>Clem. (1909)</small> * ''Ustilagopsis'' <small>Speg. (1880)</small> {{hidden end}} }} '''Ergot''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɜr|g|ə|t}} {{respell|UR|gət}}) or '''ergot fungi''' refers to a group of [[fungus|fungi]] of the genus '''''Claviceps'''''.<ref name="Schardl2006">{{cite book |doi=10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63002-2 |title=Ergot Alkaloids – Biology and Molecular Biology |series=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology |year=2006 |last1=Schardl |first1=Christopher L. |last2=Panaccione |first2=Daniel G. |last3=Tudzynski |first3=Paul |journal=The Alkaloids. Chemistry and Biology |volume=63 |pages=45–86 |pmid=17133714 |isbn=978-0-12-469563-4 }}</ref> The most prominent member of this group is ''[[Claviceps purpurea]]'' ("rye ergot fungus"). This fungus grows on [[rye]] and related plants, and produces [[alkaloid]]s that can cause [[ergotism]] in humans and other mammals who consume grains contaminated with its fruiting structure (called ''ergot [[sclerotium]]'').<ref>[http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?ergot ergot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201034/http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?ergot |date=2016-03-03 }}, online medical dictionary</ref><ref>[http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/three/000036589.htm ergot] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910032206/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=%2Fppdocs%2Fus%2Fcommon%2Fdorlands%2Fdorland%2Fthree%2F000036589.htm |date=September 10, 2009}}, Dorland's Medical Dictionary</ref> ''Claviceps'' includes about 50 known species, mostly in the tropical regions. Economically significant species include ''C. purpurea'' (parasitic on [[Poaceae|grass]]es and cereals), ''C. fusiformis'' (on [[pearl millet]], [[buffel grass]]), ''[[C. paspali]]'' (on [[dallis grass]]), ''C. africana''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Ranajit |last2=Frederickson |first2=Debra E. |last3=McLaren |first3=Neal W. |last4=Odvody |first4=Gary N. |last5=Ryley |first5=Malcolm J. |title=Ergot: A New Disease Threat to Sorghum in the Americas and Australia |journal=Plant Disease |date=April 1998 |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=356–367 |doi=10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.4.356 |pmid=30856881 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1998PlDis..82..356B }}</ref> (on [[sorghum]]) and ''C. lutea'' (on [[paspalum]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stoll |first=A. |title=Ergot and ergotism |journal=The Science of Nature |date=October 1932 |volume=20 |issue=41 |pages=752–757 |doi=10.1007/BF01493390 |bibcode= 1932NW.....20..752S |s2cid= 29050640 }}</ref> ''C. purpurea'' most commonly affects [[Open pollination|outcrossing]] species such as rye (its most common host), as well as [[triticale]], [[wheat]] and [[barley]]. It affects [[oat]]s only rarely. ''C. purpurea'' has at least three races or varieties, which differ in their host specificity:<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www2.biomed.cas.cz/~pazouto/purpurea.htm |title= Intraspecific variability of ''C. purpurea'' |last=Pazoutova |first=Sylvie |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060310052745/http://www2.biomed.cas.cz/~pazouto/purpurea.htm |archive-date= 2006-03-10 }}{{self-published inline|date=September 2021}}</ref> *G1 – land grasses of open meadows and fields; *G2 – grasses from moist, forest and mountain habitats; *G3 (''C. purpurea'' var. ''spartinae'') – salt marsh grasses (''Spartina'', ''Distichlis'').
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