Editing Evacuation simulation (section)

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'''Evacuation simulation''' is a method to determine [[Emergency evacuation|evacuation]] times for areas, buildings, or vessels.  It is based on the [[simulation]] of [[crowd]] dynamics and [[pedestrian motion]]. The number of evacuation software have been increased dramatically in the last 25 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuligowski |first=Erica D. |last2=Peacock |first2=Richard D. |last3=Hoskins |first3=Bryan L. |date=2010-11-01 |title=A Review of Building Evacuation Models, 2nd Edition |url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/review-building-evacuation-models-2nd-edition |journal=NIST |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gwynne |first=S. |last2=Galea [[Ed Galea]] |first2=E. R. |last3=Owen |first3=M. |last4=Lawrence |first4=P. J. |last5=Filippidis |first5=L. |date=1999-11-01 |title=A review of the methodologies used in the computer simulation of evacuation from the built environment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132398000572 |journal=Building and Environment |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=741–749 |doi=10.1016/S0360-1323(98)00057-2 |issn=0360-1323|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A similar trend has been observed in term of the number of scientific papers published on this subject.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haghani |first=Milad |last2=Lovreglio |first2=Ruggiero |last3=Button |first3=Mary Langridge |last4=[[Enrico Ronchi|Ronchi]] |first4=Enrico |last5=Kuligowski |first5=Erica |date=2024-03-01 |title=Human behaviour in fire: Knowledge foundation and temporal evolution |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379711223003533 |journal=Fire Safety Journal |volume=144 |pages=104085 |doi=10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.104085 |issn=0379-7112|doi-access=free }}</ref> One of the latest survey indicate the existence of over 70 pedestrian [[Evacuation model|evacuation models]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lovreglio |first=Ruggiero |last2=[[Enrico Ronchi|Ronchi]]  |first2=Enrico |last3=Kinsey |first3=Michael J. |date=2020-05-01 |title=An Online Survey of Pedestrian Evacuation Model Usage and Users |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-019-00923-8 |journal=Fire Technology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=1133–1153 |doi=10.1007/s10694-019-00923-8 |issn=1572-8099|doi-access=free }}</ref> Today there are two conferences dedicated to this subject: ''"Pedestrian Evacuation Dynamics"'' and ''"Human Behavior in Fire"''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics {{!}} Collective Dynamics |url=https://collective-dynamics.eu/index.php/cod/ped |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=collective-dynamics.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Behaviour in Fire Symposium 2015 |url=http://www.intersciencecomms.co.uk/html/conferences/hb/hb15/hb15.htm |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.intersciencecomms.co.uk}}</ref> 

The distinction between buildings, ships, and vessels on the one hand and settlements and areas on the other hand is important for the simulation of evacuation processes.  In the case of the evacuation of a whole district, the [[transport]] phase (see [[emergency evacuation]]) is usually covered by [[queueing models]] (see below).

Pedestrian evacuation simulation are popular in the fire safety design of building when a performance based approach is used.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kuligowski |first=Erica D. |title=Computer Evacuation Models for Buildings |date=2016 |work=SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering |pages=2152–2180 |editor-last=Hurley |editor-first=Morgan J. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_60 |access-date=2024-02-03 |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_60 |isbn=978-1-4939-2565-0 |editor2-last=Gottuk |editor2-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Hall |editor3-first=John R. |editor4-last=Harada |editor4-first=Kazunori|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Simulations are not primarily methods for [[Optimization (mathematics)|optimization]]. To optimize the geometry of a building or the procedure with respect to evacuation time, a target function has to be specified and minimized. Accordingly, one or several variables must be identified which are subject to variation.

[[File:Evacuation Model Classroom.gif|350px|thumb|A small-scale simulation run on FDS+Evac. The simulation of a classroom<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lovreglio |first=Ruggiero |last2=Ronchi |first2=Enrico |last3=Borri |first3=Dino |date=2014-11-01 |title=The validation of evacuation simulation models through the analysis of behavioural uncertainty |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0951832014001628 |journal=Reliability Engineering & System Safety |volume=131 |pages=166–174 |doi=10.1016/j.ress.2014.07.007 |issn=0951-8320|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]]