Editing Facial recognition system (section)

{{Short description|Technology capable of matching a face from an image against a database of faces}}
{{Redirect|Face recognition|the human cognitive process|face perception||facial recognition (disambiguation){{!}}facial recognition}}
{{update|inaccurate=2022|date=June 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}
[[File:Customer cleared to board flight (46092017161).jpg|thumb|Facial recognition software at a US airport]]
[[File:Automatic ticket gate with face recognition system in Osaka Metro Morinomiya Station.jpg|thumb|Automatic ticket gate with face recognition system in [[Osaka Metro]] Morinomiya Station]]

A '''facial recognition system<ref>{{cite journal |title=Face Recognition based Smart Attendance System Using IoT |journal=International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology |date=March 2022 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=5 |url=https://www.irjet.net/archives/V9/i3/IRJET-V9I333.pdf}}</ref>''' is a technology potentially capable of matching a human [[face]] from a [[digital image]] or a [[Film frame|video frame]] against a [[database]] of faces. Such a system is typically employed to [[authenticate]] users through [[ID verification service]]s, and works by pinpointing and measuring facial features from a given image.<ref>{{cite arXiv | eprint=1005.4263 | last1=Thorat | first1=S. B. | last2=Nayak | first2=S. K. | author3=Jyoti P Dandale | title=Facial Recognition Technology: An analysis with scope in India | year=2010 | class=cs.MA }}</ref>

Development began on similar systems in the 1960s, beginning as a form of computer [[Application software|application]]. Since their inception, facial recognition systems have seen wider uses in recent times on [[smartphone]]s and in other forms of technology, such as [[robotics]]. Because computerized facial recognition involves the measurement of a human's physiological characteristics, facial recognition systems are categorized as [[biometrics]]. Although the accuracy of facial recognition systems as a biometric technology is lower than [[iris recognition]], [[fingerprint|fingerprint image acquisition]], palm recognition or [[Speech recognition|voice recognition]], it is widely adopted due to its contactless process.<ref>{{Cite book|title=2014 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Software Engineering (AISE2014)|last1=Chen|first1=S.K| last2= Chang| first2= Y.H|publisher=DEStech Publications, Inc|year=2014|isbn=9781605951508|pages=21}}</ref> Facial recognition systems have been deployed in advanced [[human–computer interaction]], [[video surveillance]], [[law enforcement]], passenger screening, decisions on employment and housing and automatic [[Search engine indexing|indexing]] of images.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Artificial Intelligence in Theory and Practice: IFIP 19th World Computer Congress, TC 12: IFIP AI 2006 Stream, August 21–24, 2006, Santiago, Chile|last=Bramer|first=Max|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media|year=2006|isbn=9780387346540|location=Berlin|pages=395}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=SITNFlash |date=2020-10-24 |title=Racial Discrimination in Face Recognition Technology |url=https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2020/racial-discrimination-in-face-recognition-technology/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Science in the News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Facial recognition systems are employed throughout the world today by governments and private companies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facial Recognition Technology: Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Should Have Better Awareness of Systems Used By Employees|url=https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-105309|access-date=2021-09-05|website=www.gao.gov|language=en}}</ref> Their effectiveness varies, and some systems have previously been scrapped because of their ineffectiveness. The use of facial recognition systems has also raised controversy, with claims that the systems violate citizens' privacy, commonly make incorrect identifications, encourage [[Gender role|gender norms]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Security |first=Help Net |date=2020-08-27 |title=Facing gender bias in facial recognition technology |url=https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2020/08/27/facial-recognition-bias/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Help Net Security |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Lumen Database |date=2021-05-05 |title=Sexism in Facial Recognition Technology |url=https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center/sexism-in-facial-recognition-technology-d5e547a6e7bc |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Berkman Klein Center Collection |language=en}}</ref> and [[racial profiling]],<ref>[https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2010/2010.07023.pdf Understanding bias in facial recognition technologies]</ref> and do not protect important biometric data. The appearance of [[synthetic media]] such as [[deepfakes]] has also raised concerns about its security.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wiggers|first=Kyle|date=2022-03-05|title=Study warns deepfakes can fool facial recognition|work=VentureBeat|url=https://venturebeat.com/2021/03/05/study-warns-deepfakes-can-fool-facial-recognition|access-date=2022-06-04}}</ref> These claims have led to the ban of facial recognition systems in several cities in the [[United States]].<ref name=":10" /> Growing societal concerns led social networking company [[Meta Platforms]] to shut down its [[DeepFace|Facebook facial recognition system]] in 2021, deleting the face scan data of more than one billion users.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rachel Metz|title=Facebook is shutting down its facial recognition software|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/02/tech/facebook-shuts-down-facial-recognition/index.html|access-date=2021-11-05|website=CNN|date=November 2, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hill|first1=Kashmir|last2=Mac|first2=Ryan|date=2021-11-02|title=Facebook, Citing Societal Concerns, Plans to Shut Down Facial Recognition System|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/02/technology/facebook-facial-recognition.html|access-date=2021-11-05|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The change represented one of the largest shifts in facial recognition usage in the technology's history. IBM also stopped offering facial recognition technology due to similar concerns.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/8/21284683/ibm-no-longer-general-purpose-facial-recognition-analysis-software | title=IBM will no longer offer, develop, or research facial recognition technology | date=June 9, 2020 }}</ref>